4 Examples of Recommendation Letters You DONT Want From Counselors

4 Examples of Recommendation Letters You DON'T Want From Counselors SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Since school instructors bolster understudies through each of the four years of secondary school, they can keep in touch with probably the best, most close to home letters of suggestions. Simultaneously, they have the additional test of composing parcels, regularly hundreds, of letters for all the school destined understudies on their caseload. While practically all instructor references will remark emphatically on an understudy, there can at present be terrible ones that don't offer a mess to an understudy's school application. We should take a gander at models that exhibit the four most normal reasons a proposal letter is terrible: it's unoriginal and conventional, it's tedious, it gives no particular models, or it communicates genuine misgivings about an understudy. Awful Recommendation #1: The Generic Letter A nonexclusive suggestion letter is likely the most well-known issue for advisors with huge caseloads of understudies. The accompanying model represents animpersonal proposal letter. Dear Admissions Committee, I'm writing to prescribe June for admission to your undergrad program. I've been her school advocate for as far back as four years. She is a solid distinctions understudy and consistently does well in her classes. I've heard only beneficial things about June from her instructors. June is a dependable and included understudy. She's dynamic in various clubs at the school and has contributed emphatically to our school network. June challenges herself in her classes and coexists well with her friends. She's an inspired, dependable, and driven understudy who puts forth a concentrated effort to every one of her undertakings. June has earned a 3.71 GPA. Her devotion to her scholastics has dazzled we all at the secondary school, and I'm sure that she will keep on exhibiting a similar duty at school. June adjusts her time well among her numerous obligations and is interested about a various scope of subjects. I anticipate seeing her keep on investigating her inclinations and dive profoundly into her interests. All things considered, I enthusiastically prescribe June for admission to your school. She's keen, dynamic, and inquisitive. For any additional data, kindly get in touch with me atgeneralinfo@gmail.com. Genuinely, Ms. Smith So what precisely makes this letter fall off asgeneric, and for what reason is that so awful for a rec letter? The Break Down This letter doesn't generally say anything one of a kind regarding June. Actually, in the event that you simply connected an alternate name, checked your pronouns, and balanced the GPA, it could be a nonexclusive letter aboutany number of understudies. Confirmations officials can tell pretty effectively if a rec letter appears to be a structure letter with just the understudy's name and a couple customizing subtleties connected. While a letter like this in fact satisfies the proposal necessity, it doesn't satisfy its job in the application, which is toreveal something wise and personalabout the understudy and separate her from different candidates. This letter utilizes exhausting, tired language and doesn't go past banalities. June is dependable, included, and dynamic, yet so may be the various contending applicants.What causes her unique?What explicit guides to can her advisor provide for confer a significant appraisal of June's scholastic and individual qualities? At last, this letter does little to focus on explicit interests of June's. While it's normal for understudies to go into school unsure, it's as yet essential to discuss their particularinterests and goals.June is interested about a various scope of subjects, yet what moves her? What has she exceled in or sought after? What does she appreciate doing? Since this letter needs effective language, explicit models, and keen individual subtleties, itstays on the surfaceand peruses like a nonexclusive structure letter. This sort of letter won't stand apart to confirmations officials, and it doesn't recommend that June and her advocate had a natural relationship. Affirmations officials may not give a lot of consideration to this letter, which is a genuine disadvantage contrasted with another understudy's application with a sparkling advisor rec. Another sort of awful suggestion letter that puts on a show of being indifferent is one that predominantlyreports realities and figures.While it might utilize progressively positive language, as in the accompanying model, it despite everything puts on a show of being far off and unsupported by anything past the understudy's resume. Terrible Recommendation #2:The Resume-Repeating Letter This next model might be complimentary, yet notice how it for the most part justturns the bulletpoints on the understudy's resume into full sentences.This kind of letter could be composed by anybody with a duplicate of Ben's scholastic and extracurricular record. Dear Admissions Committee, It's my pleasure to prescribe Ben for admission to your undergrad program. I've become acquainted with Ben in the course of recent years as his school advocate. Having earned a 3.8 GPA, he has ascended to the top 20% of his group. His greatness in scholastics and association in various clubs and sports has made him a resource for our school network. As an individual from the National Honors Society, Ben has accomplished solid evaluations all through secondary school in a scope of classes, incorporating AP classes in World History, Chemistry, and French. As a component of his locale administration, Ben enables different understudies to improve their evaluations and study abilities with one on one mentoring after school in the library. While Ben's a solid, persevering understudy, he likewise accomplishes outside of the homeroom. Ben has played on the soccer group since first year, gaining the title of Most Valuable Player in th grade. While practice and games keep him occupied, he is likewise dynamic in French Club. A self-portrayed francophile, Ben has won the French language grant two years straight and rehearsed his language aptitudes on the class excursion to France in 2013. In the wake of coming back from the excursion, he introduced photos at a show at the nearby library and won second spot for Best Landscape. This while working low maintenance as a clerk at a neighborhood book shop sophomore and junior year. Ben dazzles everybody he knows with his achievements. I'm certain that he will keep on exceeding expectations in school. He has my solid suggestion. For any additional data, it would be ideal if you don't hesitate to get in touch with me atjustthefacts@gmail.com. Genuinely, Mr. Sencillo By and large, I would state this letter leaves a superior impression than the first. At any rate it can't be applied to practically some other understudy. Yet, it despite everything misses the mark on various fronts. We should separate precisely how this letter comes up short. The Break Down This letter leaves a superior impression than the underlying conventional one, however it doesn't go past what Bendoesto uncover who Benis.Admissions officials need to get a more profound look into thecharacterof every candidate. They definitely recognize what an understudy does dependent on his application. They're trusting the proposal will enlighten why he's settled on the decisions that he has. A recommender could reveal insight into this by talking about a student'svalues, inspirations, objectives, and qualities. In this letter, Ben appears to have an uncommon partiality for French culture and language. He additionally appreciates photography. Tomake the letter more personal,the advocate could discuss how Ben turned into a francophile and what this may mean for his future examination and calling. Does he view himself as a craftsman? Does he love scene photography as an approach to communicate his deference of nature? Ben seems like a fascinating, unique individual, however this letterleaves the peruser needing more.It should fill in the spaces and give a progressively all encompassing vision of Ben as an understudy and individual. Somebody perusing this letter ought to have a much more clear feeling of what ben's identity is, even without meeting him face to face. One simple approach to see that a letter presumably has an excessive amount of information and insufficient genuine, profound appraisal is by searching for numbers. Ben's generally short letter incorporates a great deal of numbers: 3.8 GPA, top 20%, th grade, 2013, second spot, for example. These put on a show of being information focuses. While they're precise, theyconvey specialized informationrather than important instances of Ben's character. To genuinely convey an all encompassing evaluation of a candidate, a letter shouldgo past the facts.This next model really has the contrary issue. It portrays the competitor with shining descriptive words, yet offers next to zero proof to back up its complimentary appraisal. This essayist appears to need affirmations officials to simply trust her. We're going to need to see a few instances of your work. Terrible Recommendation #3:The Simply Take My Word for It Letter This letter utilizes progressively explicit, incredible language than the initial two to embrace the understudy. Be that as it may, itgives few examplesto show its focuses. Similarly as understudies need to delve underneath the surface in their own papers, recommenders should give important models in their letters. This letter simply portrays, when it additionally needs to illustrate. Dear Admissions Committee, It is my pleasure to prescribe Gina for admission to your school. As her school guide for as far back as four years, I've watched Gina develop into a develop, merciful, and dynamic young lady. I'm glad to give her my most elevated suggestion for this energizing next section in her life. Gina is a smart and persevering understudy who has intrigued her instructors with her interest and commitment. She's particularly intrigued by writing and verse and contributes her composition to the school scholarly magazine. Gina is keen on studying English one year from now and proceeding to sharpen her specialty. Notwithstanding being a persuaded understudy, Gina coexists well with others and is a mindful companion. She has a caring nature and really thinks about people around her. She never has a terrible word to state about anybody and is the first to loan some assistance in a predicament. Gina's liberal, friendly character makes her a resource for study hall conversations. She works and manages everything well

French Accent Homographs

French Accent Homographs You may not understand it, however French intonations have a reason. While a few accents simply connote that a S used to follow that vowel in Old French (e.g., à ©tudiant used to be spelled estudiant), most French inflections show the right way to express the letter they alter. Moreover, there are many French word sets which are spelled (however not generally articulated) the equivalent other than highlights. To maintain a strategic distance from disarray, you ought to consistently recognize these words by utilizing the right accents. Note: It is syntactically adequate to leave emphasizes off capital letters. Notwithstanding, since missing accents may create turmoil in articulation and meaning and are in fact spelling botches, I feel that one ought to consistently compose with emphasizes. a - third individual solitary of avoir (to have) - (relational word) to, at, inacre - acreã ¢cre - (descriptor) harsh, pungentã ¢ge - ageã ¢gã © - (modifier) oldaie - first individual particular subjunctive and second individual solitary basic of avoiraã ¯e - (contribution) oucharriã ©rã © - (descriptor) late, in reverse; (thing) excess, arrearsarriã ¨re - back, harsh, back, aftbronze - bronze objectbronzã © - past participle of bronzer (to tan, bronze)ã §a - (uncertain definite pronoun) that, itã § et l - here and therecolle - gluecollã © - past participle of coller (to glue)congres - eelscongrã ¨s - meeting, congresscote - citation, cited esteem, ratingcotã © - profoundly thought of/evaluated (past participle of cã'ter)cã'te - rib, slant, coastlinecã'tã © - sidecrã ªpe - crepe (slender flapjack), crepe papercrã ªpã © - past participle of crã ªper (to backcomb, crimp)cure - fix, treatmentcurã © - minister; past participle of curer (to clean out)de - (relationa l word) of, fromdã © - thimble, diedes - (inconclusive article, partitive article) a few; compression of de lesdã ¨s - (relational word) fromdiffã ©rent - differentdiffã ¨rent - third individual plural conjugation of diffã ©rer (to differ)du - constriction of de ledã » - past participle of devoir (to need to)- e versus à ©At the finish of - er action words, the highlight is the contrast between the first and third individual particular current state and the past participle-e - à ©tudie, parle, visite-à © - à ©tudiã ©, parlã ©, visitã ©entre - (relational word) betweenentrã © - past participle of entrer (to enter)es - second individual solitary of à ªtre (to be)ã ¨s - withdrawal of en lesã ªtes - second individual plural of à ªtreã ©tã ©s - summerseut - third individual particular passã © straightforward of avoireã »t - third individual solitary defective subjunctive of avoirferme - farmfermã © - past participle of fermer (to close)fut - third individual partic ular passã © basic of à ªtrefã »t - third individual particular blemished subjunctive of à ªtre gã ¨ne - genegã ªne - inconvenience, trouble, embarrassmentgã ªnã © - (descriptive word) shy of, humiliated; past participle of gã ªner (to trouble) grade - rank, degreegradã © - officerhaler - to pull inhã ¢ler - to tanillustre - celebrated, renownedillustrã © - illustratedinfecte - (fem descriptive word) loathsome, dingy, obnoxiousinfectã © - tainted, contaminatedinterne (adj) interior, inward; (thing) visitor, interninternã © - detainee (of a psychological medical clinic), internee (politics)jeune - (descriptor) youngjeã »ne - fastingjuge - judgejugã © - past participle of juger (to judge)la - (unmistakable article) the; (immediate item pronoun) her, itl - (qualifier) therelevã © - overview; past participle of switch (to lift, raise)lã ¨ve - first and third individual solitary of switch (applies to many stem-changing verbs)liquide - liquidliquidã © - past participle of liquider (to settle, pay; to exchange, auction; [inf] to complete off)mais - (combination) butmaã ¯s - cornmarche - strolling, step, stairmarchã © - advertise; past participle of marcher (to walk, walk; to work)masse - massmassã © - past participle of masser (to gather, mass, group)mat - checkmate; (modifier) matte, dullmã ¢t - pole, polemater - to quell; (natural) to gaze; to caulk; (recognizable thing) mother, mummã ¢ter - to mastmã ©mã © - (infant talk) grannymã ªme - (intensifier) samemeuble - bit of furnituremeublã © - (descriptive word) furnishedmodelã © - forms, help; past participle of modeler (to display, shape, style, mold)modã ¨le - model, designmur - wallmã »r - (descriptor) ripenotre - (possessive modifier) ournã'tre - (possessive pronoun) oursnuance - conceal, tint, slight contrast, nuancenuancã © - (descriptor) qualified, adjusted, nuanced; past participle of nuancer (to conceal, qualify, nuance)ou - (combination) oroã ¹ - (verb modifier) wherepã ¢te - baked good, glue; pã ¢tes - pastpã ¢tã © - pã ¢tã ©pã ©chã © - past participle of pã ©cherpã ªche - peach, fishingpã ©cher - to sinpã ªcher - to fishpã ©cheur - sinnerpã ªcheur - fishermanprã ªte - (ladylike descriptor) readyprã ªtã © - past participle of prã ªter (to lend)rate - spleenratã © - past participle of rater (to come up short, miss)relã ¢che - rest, respiterelã ¢chã © - free, laxreste - rest, leftoverrestã © - past participle of rester (to stay)retraite - retreat, retirementretraitã © - resigned individual; past participle of retraiter (to reprocess)rot - burp, burprã't - (antiquated) roastroue - wheelrouã © - (adj) crafty, shrewd; un rouã © - clever/tricky individual; past participle of rouer (to beat/thrash)roule - first and third individual particular of rouler (to wheel/roll along)roulã © - bended, rolledsale - dirtysalã © - saltysinistre (adj) miserable, vile; (m thing) mishap, calamity, damagesinistrã © (adj) stricken, crushed; (m thing) fiasco victimsublime - sublimesublimã © - sublimatedsuicide - demonstration of suicidesuicidã © - survivor of suicidesur - (relational word) onsã »r - (descriptive word) suretache - mark, spot, staintã ¢che - taskvalide - capable, fit, validvalid ã © - validatedvide - emptyvidã © - exhausted; past participle of vider (to purge; to wear out)votre - (possessive descriptor) yourvã'tre - (possessive pronoun) yours

Essay Examples on Enterprise Social Networks

Essay Examples on Enterprise Social NetworksIf you want to know how to write a great essay then you can check out the online essay samples on enterprise social networks. You will find that some of these essays are very good and other ones are less so. You will find that it really does take a lot of experience and time to be able to write a really good essay.In fact, this is why a lot of business people and managers are looking for a way to get some essay samples on enterprise social networks. It really is not all that difficult to do. All you need to do is to write an essay, learn from the mistakes that others have made, and then turn it into your own masterpiece. The idea is to get some great business essay samples on enterprise social networks.Now, you do not have to be a business person or a manager to write a great essay. But, you do need to have some experience in order to write a great essay. The idea is to find some of the excellent essay samples on enterprise social networks and then use them to your advantage.You will find that there are some essay samples on enterprise social networks that have really good content. These are the essays that are able to get people to take your thoughts and add something new. These are the essays that will get people to change their mind about something. The idea is to take what someone else has written and add something new that makes it more interesting.The idea is that with essay samples on enterprise social networks you can make sure that you are able to make a great first impression on a potential customer. That means that you will want to make sure that you have some great essay samples on enterprise social networks. You can find plenty of these. What you do with the essays is up to you.You will be able to get many essay samples on enterprise social networks simply by doing a search on Google. You can find a number of these on the websites that offer these services. Once you have a few you can sort through them an d choose the ones that are the best and those that are the best suited for your needs.Now, when you are selecting the online essay samples on enterprise social networks you should also make sure that you take the time to get an idea of what kind of essay you are looking for. This is important because different people need different things when they are writing essays. You will want to make sure that you are able to find the type of essay samples that are suited for your needs.Make sure that you are going to find essay samples on enterprise social networks that have great material. You should make sure that you are able to find some good essays to write. The idea is to be able to use the essay samples on enterprise social networks to take your business to the next level.

Internship Report of an Islamic Bank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5905 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category Education Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Islam Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION WHAT IS BANK? A bank is a financial institution, which deals with money and credit. It accepts deposits from individuals, firm and companies at a lower rate of interest and gives at a higher rate of interest to those who need them. The difference between the terms at which it borrows and those at which it lends from the source of it profit. A bank, thus, is a profit earning institution. HISTORY OF ISLAMIC BANKING IN PAKISTAN 1947 The inception of Pakistan as the first Islamic Republic created in the name of Islam. 949 The Objectives Resolution was adopted by the first Constituent Assembly based on the ideology of a sovereign Islamic state. This was the first step in the conception towards Pakistan’s Constitution. 1956 The first Constitution defined Islam as State Religion and all laws to be according to the injunction of the Quran and Sunnah. 1962 The establishment of Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) was followed by the conception of the second constituti on of Pakistan. 1973 The third constitution of Pakistan was passed allowing comprehensive legislation on Islamic principles and establishment of Federal Shariat Court. 1980 CII presents report on the elimination of Interest genuinely considered to be the first major comprehensive work in the world undertaken on Islamic banking and finance. In this period President Zia ul Haq imposed profit and loss sharing accounts as a compulsion instead of interest bearing accounts, he also started deduction of Zakat from bank accounts in Islamic prospect. 985 Commercial banks transformed their nomenclature stating all Rupee saving accounts as interest-free. However, foreign currency deposits in Pakistan and on lending of foreign loans continued as before. 1991 Procedure adopted by banks in 1985 was declared unIslamic by the Federal Shariat Court (FSC). The Government and some banks/DFIs made appeals to the Shariat Appellate Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. In 1991 thsese two new I slamic banks started their operations in Pakistan. ALBARAKA ISLAMIC BANK. 2- AL FAISAL ISLAMIC BANK. INTRODUCTION TO MEEZAN BANK LTD MEEZAN was established as an Islamic Investment Bank in 1997 as â€Å"AL MEEZAN INVESTMENT BANK LTD†. After the successful completion and great struggle First Islamic Commercial Bank’s license was awarded to Al Meezan Investment Bank in year 2002, to start the commercial banking facilities they bought the local operations of â€Å"Socite General† (French Bank) 03 branches and started the commercial Islamic banking in the country. Meezan Bank stands today at a noteworthy point along the evolution of Islamic Banking in Pakistan. The banking sector is showing a significant paradigm shift away from traditional means of business and is catering to an increasingly astute and demanding financial consumer who is also becoming keenly aware of Islamic Banking. Meezan Bank bears the critical responsibility of leading the way forward in e stablishing a stable and dynamic Islamic Banking system replete with dynamic and cutting-edge products and services. The Bank has made fundamental and significant progress forward, and in doing so has established a strong and credible management team comprised of experienced professionals, which have achieved a strong balance sheet with excellent operating profitability, including a capital adequacy ratio that places the Bank at the top of the industry, a long-term entity rating of A+, and a short-term entity rating of A1+, the highest short-term rating. SHAREHOLDING STRUCTURE SHAREHOLDINGRs. In Millions% Pakistan Kuwait Investment Company (Pvt. Ltd1,13430 Shamil Bank of Bahrain E. C52726 Islamic Development Bank Jeddah19009 Noor Financial Investment Co. 13416 Others39619 Paid up capital 3780100 Shariah Board The members of the Shariah Board of Meezan Bank are Internationally-renown scholars, serving on the boards of many Islamic banks operating in different countries. The member s of the Shariah Board are: ? Justice (Retd. ) Muhammad Taqi Usmani ? Dr. Abdul Sattar Abu Ghuddah ? Sheikh Essam M. Ishaq ? Dr. Muhammad Imran Ashraf Usmani Shariah Advisor Board of Directors ? H. E. Sheikh Ebrahim Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa (Chairman) (Undersecretary, Ministry of Finance National Economy,Kingdom of Bahrain) ? Naser Abdul Mohsen Al-Marri (Vice Chairman) ? Irfan Siddiqui (President Chief Executive Officer) ? Istaqbal Mehdi ? Mohammed Abdul-Rehman Hussain ? Nawid Ahsan ? Ariful Islam (Chief Operating Officer) ? Rana Ahmed Humayun ? Mohammed Azzaroog Rajab ? Ahmed Abdul Rahim Mohamed ACHIEVEMENTS CREDIT RATING: Meezan Bank has reaffirmed its entity ratings at A+ for medium to long-term and A1+ for short-term. This rating was made by JCR-VIS Credit Rating Company, which has also set Meezan Bank’s outlook on medium to long-term rating as â€Å"Stable†. The rating is yet another milestone achievement in the Bank’s endeavor to be the Bank. Meezan Bank’s ratings are based on its shareholding with world-renowned financial institutions, pioneering role in the industry, strong management initiatives in continuously introducing various range of Islamic products. The Credit Rating agency JCR-VIS has expressed commendation to Meezan Bank management’s ability to deploy funds in core banking assets, which reflected healthy growth trends last year. FIRST LADIES BANKING IN PAKISTAN: The Bank is the first in the country to introduce Ladies Banking a dedicated banking section only for ladies. This new service provides an exclusive banking area as per the set Shariah principles for our lady customers in a more comfortable environment. The dedicated Customer Services Officer in our ladies only banking area will provide consultancy for a full range of our Halal banking services including, 9am to 5pm Online Banking, Term Certificates, Current Saving Accounts, Consumer Financing and 24/7 banking services. BRANCH NETWORK: Over 70 branches are working all over the Pakistan. OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS: Best Islamic Bank 2005 (Islamic Finance News) Best provider of Islamic financial services year 2005 VIEWS OF PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN: I wish Meezan Bank success in initiating the cause of Riba-free banking. General Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan Meezan Bank Inauguration, September 2002 Vision Statement Establish Islamic banking as banking of first choice to facilitate the implementation of an equitable economic system, providing a strong foundation for establishing a fair and just society for mankind. Mission Statement To be a premier Islamic bank, offering a one-stop shop for innovative value added products and services to our customers within the bounds of Shariah, while optimizing the stakeholders value through an organizational culture based on learning, fairness, respect for individual enterprise and performance. Service Quality Mission To develop a committed service culture which ensures the con sistent delivery of our products and services within the highest quality service parameters, promoting Islamic values and ensuring recognition and a quality banking xperience to our customers. DEPARTMENTS THE PRODUCTS OFFERED AT THE BRANCH There are 5 main departments at the branch: 1- CUSTOMER SERVICES DEPARTMENT 2- OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT 3- CREDIT DEPARTMENT 4- TRADE FINANCE DEPARTMENT 5- CASH DEPARTMENT 1- CUSTOMER SERVICES DEPARTMENT Account opening and closing is the function of customer services deptt. The bank’s customers includes individuals (single or joint), firm (partnership/proprietorship), Autonomous corporations, Limited companies, Charitable Institutions, associations, Educational Institutions or local bodies. Brief Explanation of these accounts is as follows Products offered by this department: a) Riba Free Rupee Savings Account ? Current account ? Saving Account b) Riba Free Dollar Savings Account ? Foreign Currency Account a) RIBA FREE-RUPEE SAVING ACCOUN T As a step towards the mission of providing a one-stop shop for innovative value added products to our customers, Meezan Bank is pleased to offer RIBA FREE Current Account, a flexible Rupee based account that is ideal for businesses and individuals looking for Shariah compliant banking and professionalism under one roof. The deposits of the customers together with the bank’s contribution are invested in a pool that consists of Ijarah and Murabaha financing. The profit earn on this pool is calculated every month, and if you maintain a minimum average monthly balance of Rs. 10, 000/- you shall be eligible to receive profits that will be disbursed to you every month. But if u’r balance is less then 10000 then u get no profit or no penalty is charges to u. there is no fixed profit b/c every month new rate declared. Requirements: Mini deposit:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Rs. 10,000/- only Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix. CURRENT ACCOUNT Current account is basically used to meet the daily transactions. The money kept in current account is in the form of CARZ-E-HASNA gives the advantage for paying debts by the convenient and safe means of sending cheques through the post thus avoiding the trouble and loss. Requirements: Mini deposit:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Rs. 10,000/- only Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix. b) Riba Free Dollar Savings Account The return earn on the Mudarba pool is calculated every month and profit ratio is declared for all investors is declared at the beginning of the month. If you maintain a minimum average monthly balance of $500, you shall be eligible to receive profits that will be disbursed to you every month. Requirements: Mini deposit:::::::::::::::::::::$100 under Mudarba arrangement. Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix BASIC OF ACCOUNT OPENING Account opening is the basic and first relationship, which is established between Bank and the customer. In account opening extreme care has to be exercised in case of completion of account opening documentation. Whenever a client comes in the bank in order to open an account the first information that is given to him/her about the types of accounts, which can be opened, so far this purpose the client is given detailed information about the accounts and their respective profit rates. TYPE OF ACCOUNTS OPENED ? CURRENT ? SAVING ? TERM DEPOSIT Sub-categories of Accounts and the Basic Requirements: MINOR ACCOUNT ? Bay form and copy of passport minor ? National Identity card of Guardian ? Signature requirement of guardian INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT ? Copy of national identity card ? Complete account opening form ? Letter of introduction if required Visiting Card (if the person is employed) JOINT ACCOUNTS As evident from the name these accounts can be jointly opened by any number of persons. The minimum number of persons required to open a joint account is two but there is no maximum l imit. Requirements: ? National Identity card of all Applicants. ? Signature of all Applicants. ? Zakat Affidavit of all Applicants (zakat Examption). ? Operation of account clearly mentioned. ? The options available to operate the account are: ? Jointly ? Either or Survivor ? Other(s)(Please specify) CLUB /SOCIETY/ASSOCIATION [Requirements]: ? Certified copy of resolution Certified copy of rules ? Copies of National Identity cards of all directors/passports ? Completed account opening form ? Specimen Signature Card TRUSTS ACCOUNTS ? Completed account opening form ? Specimen Signature Card ? Certified copy of trust deed ? Copy of rules/by laws ? Copies of National Identity cards of all trustees ? Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix. CORPORATE ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS OF SOLE PROPRIETOR (Requirements) ? Declaration Letter ? Copy of NIC/Passport of the proprietor ? National Tax Certificate ? Declaration of Sole Proprietor on company letterhead ? Business registration Cer tificate ? Specimen Signature Cards and completed account opening form. ACCOUNT OF PARTNARSHIP (Requirements) ? Partnership Deed, certified copy. ? Photocopies of NIC of all partners. ? Partnership Mandate(Prescribed Format). ACCOUNT OF LIMITED COMPANIES (Requirements) ? List of Directors of company. ? NIC of all Directors. ? Copy of certificate of Incorporation. ? Memorandum of Association. ? Article of Association. ? Copy of Board Resolution. ? Latest Copy of Form-29 ? Stamp of Company, which is to be affixed on the account opening form. ? Certificate of Commencement of Business ACCOUNTS OF LITERATE [Photo Account] These accounts can be opened individually or jointly. For men, the right hand thumb impression and for women, the left hand thumb impression is taken on account opening form. The customer is given advice to come to bank himself in order to withdraw any cash or deposit the cheque. Requirements: ? Photocopy of NIC of Account Holder. ? Two-three passport size photograph s. THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE OPENING AN ACCOUNT ? Verification of the customers’ credentials. ? The suitability of the prospective customer. ? State Bank’s rules and regulations. ? The Bank’s own policy. The prospective profitability of the relationship. ? Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix. PROCEDURES FOR ACCOUNT OPENING First of all, after inquiring from the customer what type of account he/she wants to open, the account opening form is got filled from the customer and signed it. Along with the account opening form, the customer is also signed two Specimen Signatures Cards. After fulfilling all the formalities of account opening, the computer generated account number is given to the customer that is of special series depending on the type of account. REQUISITION SLIP A requisition slip is given to the customer to sign it so that the customer can get chequebook. Chequebook is issued after one day of receiving the requisition slip. LE TTER OF THANKS After opening the account â€Å"A Letter Of Thanks† is send to the customer in order to thank the customer for opening an account in the Bank. This letter tells all the information regarding his/her account, which are kept very confidential. ACCOUNT OPENING REGISTER After an account is opened, an entry is made in the account opening register, which has the following columns: ? Date ? Account Number ? Name Address ? Telephone Number ? Initial Deposit Customer Services/Relation Officer enters the new account opened in computer and the Specimen signature Cards are also scanned so that whenever a cheque of the respective account comes for encashment, the signatures can be verified. Overall functions performed by Customer Services Department: ? ACCOUNT OPENING ? ACCOUNT CLOSING ? GENERAL CLIENT DEALING 2-OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONS PERFOMED: a) CLEARING b) REMITTANCE a) CLEARING ? Inward clearing ? Outward clearing INWARD CLEARING In the morning, the bank re ceives its own cheques, which have been presented by the customers in some other bank to be deposited in their account. NIFT provides the facility of bringing cheques for inward and also takes the cheques of outward clearing to other banks. The cheques received in inward clearing are the cheques drawn on bank and the bank has to pay for them. For this purpose the bank makes clearing in computer by checking the balances of the respective customer, if their balances are up to the mark then that cheque is cleared and the respective customer account is debited with the respective amount. If the balances are short then that cheque is bounced back to the related bank. Reasons for returning a cheque: All required stamps of Clearing, Crossing and Endorsement are not present on cheques. †¢ Cheque is post date. †¢ Refer to drawer †¢ Effects not cleared, may be presented again †¢ Amounts in words and figures differ. If any of these reasons exists then that cheque is retu rned through NIFT and deducts Rs. 300 from customer’ account as cheque returned charges. For this purpose an entry is passed on multi entry voucher like: Customer’s AccountDr. State Bank Of PakistanCr. Cheque returned chargesDr. Other commissionsCr. Then the report of returning any cheque is sent through fax to the head office Karachi. After this put the entry in Cheque return register showing the following columns: ? Date ? Title of account ? Account number ? Cheque number ? Bank and Branch name ? Reason to return OUTWARD CLEARING: All the cheques of other banks which are deposited to MBL are presented in outward clearing. This is said as outward clearing because they are presented on the very next day after depositing a cheque. In outward clearing, the entry is made like: Customer Account Cr. State Bank of Pakistan Dr. This entry is made when we come to know about the clearing of all cheques, which are sent to other banks. SERVICES PROVIDED I. TRANSFER OF AMOUN T II. TELLING ACCOUNT BALANCES III. ISSUING CHEQUES BOOKS I. TRANSFER OF AMOUNT If a customer holds two accounts in the bank and he/she wants to transfer money from one account to other account, customer writes a cheque and fills deposit slip in which he/she writes account number to which amount is to be transferred. After making transfer entry in the computer, affix transfer stamp in the middle of the cheque, crossing on the upper left and bank’s endorsement stamp on the backside of the cheque. II. TELLING ACCOUNT BALANCES Whenever clearing officer receives phone call from the customer inquiring about his/her account balance after confirming the name, address and other information he tells the balance through computer. III. ISSUING CHEQUE BOOKS It is also the duty of department to issue a chequebook when an officer receives request from the customer. B. REMITTANCE a) Pay order b) Demand drafts c) Inward collection d) Outward collection a) PAY ORDER: Pay order is an order to pay money but this payment is to be made within city. In other words it can be said that the payee and the payer should be in one city. In pay order the payment can be made in A) Cash B) Clearing C) Transfer PROCEDURE: In case of pay order first of all the customer has to fill a pay order application form in favoring section: name, account number, amount, beneficiary name, address, etc. The data is entered in already set format of pay order in computer and pay order print out is taken. An authorized person and manager operations are signed pay order. The original copy of the pay order is given to the customer and carbon copy is kept with bank for office record. b) DEMAND DRAFT An order to pay money to the payee who is residing outside the city. DD can be for a customer who may or may not have an account in the bank but the other person’s account must be maintained with the bank for which the payer has demanded the DD. c) INWARD COLLECTION When the bank receives chequ es of any other bank from its any branch situated in the some other city, then those have been dealt as inward collection. PROCEDURE After receiving the cheque, an entry is made in inward collection register and then all stamps are affixed on the cheque (clearing, endorsement, IC # stamp) and make outward clearing voucher which shows the following entry: Remittance payable Cr. On the next evening after the delivery of clearing cheques make reversal entry like Remittance Payable Dr. Respective Branch Cr. Also make a fax message to inform the respective branch that we have credited their nostro account. OTHER FUNCTIONS UNDER OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT LOCKERS Lockers operations shall not be permitted under power of attorney of a customer. A customer wishing to allow another person or agent may be requested to open a new locker account under joint names and close the existing account. In offering this facility branches have to be selective and should provide lockers to the customers w hose identity and integrity is verified, who should maintain account with the branch and have potential for deposits and other banking business. It is reiterated that honesty, creditability and good reputation of the customer is of utmost importance in the selection of customer for lockers. KEY FEATURES: ? Available in selected branches ? Available in 3 sizes ? For all eligible Account Holders ? Key security DepositPKR 3000 Procedure ? Application on Prescribed Form duly filled ? Saving/Current Account with MBL 02 Passport size Photographs Charges ? Key DepositPKR 3000/ ? SmallPKR 1000/Year ? MediumPKR 1500/Year ? LargePKR 2000/Year ? Locker breaking charges Rs 3000 Cheque Books Handling ? Application for New Cheque Book CHARGES ? PKR 03/Leaf for Saving Account Cheque Book ? PKR 01/Leaf for Current Account Cheque Book ? PKR 01/Leaf for FCY Account (No Charges for Cheque Books of Karobari Munafa Account) RIBA FREE TERM DEPOSITS OFFERED BY BANK ? Certificate of Islamic Investment ? Mo nthly Mudarabah Certificates ? Dollar Mudarabah Certificates ? Meezan Amdan Certificates ? Meezan Providence Certificate Certificate of Islamic Investment Riba-Free Certificate of Islamic Investment (COII) works under the principles of Mudarabah and is strictly in conformity with the rules of Islamic Shariah. On agreeing to become a COII holder, the customer enters into a relationship, based on Mudarabah, with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the Customer is an Investor (Rab ul Mal), and the Bank is the Manager (Mudarib) of the funds deposited by the customers. The bank allocates the funds received from the customers to a deposit pool. These funds are utilized to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes that include, but are not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. Tenor ? 3 Months ? 6 Months ? 1 Year ? 2 Years ? 3 Years ? 5 Years Profit Payment Options 3 Monthson maturity 6 monthson maturity 1 year monthly or quarterly min investment 200K 2 yearmonthly or quarte rly min investment 200K 3-5 year monthly or quarterly min investment 200K There will be different rate of profit according to the profit payment option and amount and tenor. Pre-mature encashment In case of pre mature encashment the profit rate will be calculated according to the completed tenor, if extra profit is paid that will be recovered ? No pre-mature encashment penalty in MBL Payment of Premium Bank pay premium from its own share of profit to high depositors. Premium Rate 5M9. 99M1% 10M29. 99M1. 25% 30M49. 99M1. 50% 50M+2% Karobari Munafa Account Riba-Free Karobari Munafa Account works under the principles of Mudarabah and is strictly in conformity with the rules of Islamic Shariah. On agreeing to become an account holder, the customer enters into a relationship based on Mudarabah with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the Customer is an Investor (Rab ul Mal), and the Bank is the Manager (Mudarib) of the funds deposited by the customers. The bank allocates the funds r eceived from the customers to a deposit pool. These funds from the pool are utilized to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes that include, but are not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. ? Profit calculated on daily basis and paid monthly ? No minimum balance requirement ? No restriction on deposit/withdrawals ? Free Cheque Books, Pay Orders and Online Banking ? Dedicated Account/Relationship ? High return for high depositors ? Other requirements are mentioned in detail in appendix. Monthly Mudarabah Certificates RibaFree Monthly Mudarabah Certificates is a flexible investment product which has been designed to give you a monthly return which is Halal. The minimum investment required is only Rs. 100,000 and you receive profit for each complete month of investment with the Bank. How Monthly Mudarabah Certificates works? Riba-Free Monthly Mudarabah Certificate (MMC) works under the principles of Mudarabah and is strictly in conformity with the rules of Islamic Shar iah. On agreeing to become a MMC holder, the customer enters into a relationship based on Mudarabah with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the Customer is an Investor (Rab ul Mal), and the Bank is the Manager (Mudarib) of the funds deposited by the customers. The bank allocates the funds received from the customers to a deposit pool. These funds from the pool are utilized to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes that include, but are not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. Features: ? Minimum requirement of PKR 100K ? Profit disbursement on maturity ? Tire system for profit payment (Refer Rate Sheet) ? No payment on premature encashment ? Other details n requirements are mentioned in detail appendix. Dollar Mudarabah Certificates On agreeing to become a DMC holder, the customer enters into a relationship based on Mudarabah with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the customer is an Investor (Rab ul Maal), and the Bank is the Manager (Mudarib) of the funds d eposited by the customers. The Bank allocates the funds received from the customers to a deposit pool. These funds from the pool are utilized to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes that include, but are not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. Requirements: ? In USD only ? Individuals and Corporate ? Minimum investment 10K and above Tenor: ? 3Months ? 6Months ? 1Year ? 3Years Profit payment Options: ? 3MonthsMaturity ? 6MonthsMaturity ? 1year6 Monthly or Maturity 3years6 Monthly or Maturity ? Other details n requirements are mentioned in detail appendix. Meezan Amdan Certificates The Riba-Free Meezan Aamdan Certificate (MAC) is a long-term deposit certificate with an exceptionally high monthly profit designed especially for those individuals and corporations who are in need of regular stream of monthly income. MAC is a monthly income (mahana aamdani) certificate with a variety of free packaged benefits. Working The Riba-Free Meezan Aamdan Certificate (MAC) works under the principles of Mudarabah and is strictly  in  conformity with the rules of Islamic Shariah. On agreeing to become a MAC holder, the customer enters into a relationship based on Mudarabah with Meezan  Bank. Under this relationship, the customer is an Investor (Rab ul Maal), and the Bank is the Manager  (Mudarib) of the funds deposited by the customers. The Bank allocates the funds received from the customers to a deposit pool. These funds from the pool are utilized  to provide financing to customers under Islamic modes that include, but are not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. Features: ? Long Term Product ? Tenor 5-1/2 years 7 years ? Profit 9. 5% 10. 50% (Last month) For Individuals and Corporate ? Minimum deposit PKR 100 K ? (50K for old citizens and widows) Meezan Providence Certificate (MPC) A long-term investment product specially designed to cater to the needs of corporate and business concerns for purposes of investing their Provident, Pension and Gratuit y Funds. How Meezan Providence Certificate works? Riba-Free Meezan Providence Certificate (MPC) works under the principles of Mudarabah and is strictly in conformity with the rules of Islamic Shariah. On agreeing to become a MPC holder, the customer enters into a relationship based on Mudarabah with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the Customer is an Investor (Rab ul Mal), and the Bank is the Manager (Mudarib) of the funds deposited by the customers. ? Min. deposit 01 Million Tenor ? 5 Years ? 7 Years Other options: ? Provident and Pension Fund of large corporate ? Premature encashment facility available Meezan Islamic Institution Deposit Account The Meezan Islamic Institution Deposit Account (MIIDA) is a unique product, tailored exclusively for Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). With MIIDA, any IFI now has the opportunity to manage excess liquidity in an immediate and profitable manner, by maintaining a checking account with Meezan Bank. All eligible Islamic Banks ca n enter into a Mudarabah relationship with Meezan Bank. Under this relationship, the respective Islamic Banks are the Investors (Rab ul Maal), and Meezan Bank is the Manager (Mudaarib) of the funds deposited by them. Meezan Bank allocates the funds received from the Islamic Banks to a deposit pool consisting of financing under Islamic modes that includes, but is not restricted to, Murabaha and Ijarah. Features: ? For Islamic Financial Institutions deposit ? To invest their access liquidity ? Min. investment PKR 10 M and multiplies there of ? Max investment 01 B Other details n requirements are mentioned in detail appendix. 3- CASH DEPARTMENT The cash department is the most important department of the bank. It receives cash from customers and then deposits it into the accounts of the customers and maintained their balances. In cash department following books are maintained. ? Scroll book ? Paying book ? Cash balance book SCROLL BOOK When cash is received at the customer it is record ed in the scroll book. PAYING CASH BOOK The cashier makes entry in the paying cashbook when cash is paid. CASH BALANCE BOOK The consolidated figure of receipt and payment of cash is entered in cash balance book. CREDIT / FINANCE DEPARTMENT Islamic Financing for the following: ? Corporate ? SME ? Personal PERSONAL FINANCING Diminishing Musharaka (Islamic Financing) With Easy Home you can participate with Meezan Bank in a joint ownership of your property, where the Bank will provide financing up to 85%. On agreement of a monthly payment to the Bank of which a component is for the use of the home (rent), and another for your equity share. The total monthly payment is reallocated regularly by the partnership to reflect your growing equity and to allocate increasing amounts to your investment. When you have made the full investment, which had been agreed, you become the sole owner with a free and clear title to the property. Easy Home Easy home works under the Diminishing Musharakah where customer participates with Meezan Bank in joint ownership. Easy Home finance is available for: Purchase ? 3-20 year ? Max. Finance 85% Construction ? 2-20 year ? Max. Finance 70% Renovation ? 2-7 year ? Max Finance 85% Replacement ? 3-20 year Eligibility ? Pakistani National ? Age 25—65 (till maturity) ? Professional Experience Salaried person: ? 2 year of consecutive experience in same industry ? Min salary 20 k per month Business ? 3 years business experience ? Min. business income Rs 50K per month Processing Charges ? BusinessmenRs 12500 ? Salaried PersonRs 8500 ? (Up to Rs 4 M, 2000 Additional for above) ? Time Frame 3-4 Weeks Other details are attached in appendix. Car Ijara Ijara is a rental agreement under which bank purchase a vehicle and give the same on rent to customer Car Ijarah is Pakistan’s first Interest Free car financing based on the Islamic financing mode of Ijarah (Islamic leasing). This product is ideal for individuals looking for car finan cing while avoiding an interest-based transaction. Scope of Facility ? Domestic Vehicle(Local made) ? Commercial Vehicle (Local+Imported) ? Used/Imported Vehicle(1st Transfer only) Rates offered: (For New)(For used) ? 3 year14%15% ? 4 year15%15. 50% ? 5 year16. 50%18% 1% higher than normal for commercial+imported+used vehicle Eligibility: Pakistani National ? Salaried individual, self-employed, professional or businessperson ? Minimum 3 years of work/business/professional experience ? 6 month working with present employer ? Net income exceeds three times of monthly rental OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED On line Real Time ATM Free ATM Card ? Per Day Limit of PKR 20K ? Rs 15 charges for use of other ATM Network ? Acceptable at all ATM outlets ? Debit card at Orix out lets (PKR 50k/Day) On line Real Time Facility ? Absolutely free from all branches of MBL ? Collection of Cheques absolutely free ? Available to PKR current, saving Karobari Munafa acc. Banking Facility at all MBL Branches for ? Mon Sat9-5 ? Friday9-12-30 3-5 ? Saturday9-12-30 24/7 Call Center 24/7 call center provides you access to a wide range of Tele-banking solutions and personalized banking service. Key Features ? Check account balances Instruct issuance of pay orders and demand drafts ? Transfer funds between your own accounts ? Order issuance of cheque book ? Check transaction history of accounts ? Receive information on MBL products and services ? Issue stop payment instructions ? Report loss of your cheque book ? Request or change T-PIN ? ATM PIN Re issuance ? Report loss of ATM/Debit Card or cheque(s) Internet Banking Internet Banking allow to have access to accounts regardless of where they may be in the world. Key Features ? Balance inquiry ? Statement viewing ? Statement download ? Cheque status ? Cheque blocking Pay order request ? Complaint logging and follow-ups ? Funds transfers between own accounts at MBL ? Change of address request ? Cheque book request Alerts and Notification by E-ma il ? Low/High balance alert ? Credit/Debit transaction alert ? Request resolution alert ? Complaint resolution alert Future Features ? Alerts by SMS/Fax ? Utility bill payments ? Inter bank funds transfers ? Payment to nominated accounts at MBL ? Standing orders for repeated payments SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: ? Effective HR Policies. ? ATM Machine in Branches. ? One Counter Operation. ? Islamic Banking. ? Loyalty of Employees. 24/7 Online Banking. ? Internet banking facility. ? Excellent Environment. ? Efficient and Qualified Management. ? Fewer Competitors as Islamic Banking. ? A large range of Islamic Investment Schemes. ? Islamic Leasing System. ? No hidden charges. ? Rates are remarkably low as compared to other banks. ? Very High credit rating. Weakness: ? Lack of awareness of the people. ? Fewer Branches in Faisalabad. ? Less Advertisement.. ? Main Branch isn’t Located in the Business Area. ? Online system is not so strong. Opportunities: ? More and more people are comin g towards Islamic Banking System. Introduction of innovative products. ? New Market Segments for ijara, i. e. Home Appliances Products. ? Open New Braches in Faisalabad and other small areas. Threats: ? Islamic banks are Increasing. ? Traditional commercial banks are also introducing the Islamic Banking Facility. ? Personal Loan Scheme of other banks. ? New Innovative Schemes by Other Islamic banks. SUGGESTION RECOMMENDATIONS ? Expanding their business by establishing new branches in those areas which are near to the business area. ? MBL has the option to increase its customers through efficient marketing system. The bank must hire the efficient marketing personnel. ? MBL must take part in heavy advertisement as the people become aware of the Islamic banking System. ? Bank should provide management training to their employees. ? Bank should develop healthy relation to their customers. ? MBL should give more compensations and benefits to its employees and other workers for the impro vement in the performance. Because it leads to the improvement of overall bank’s performance. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2007 [pic] Profit and Loss Account as on March 31, 2007 [pic] Cash Flow Statement as on Marc 31, 2007 [pic] FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND COMMENTS DEBT RATIO:20072006 T. Debt 44,865,94741,675,264 T. Assets49,822,34946,438,623 90. 05 %89. 74 % Comments: Debt ratio basically shows that, how much assets are financed by the debt. It shows that how much an investor is protected in case of default. From above information its obvious that, in year 2006, this ratio is 89. 74 % and this year it is 90. 05 %. It shows more debt financing as compared to previous year. DEBT / EQUITY RATIO:20072006 T. Debt44,865,94741,675,264 T. Equity3,779,8973,779,897 87. 1. 03 1187 %1103 % Comments: This ratio is an alternative to the debt ratio. One of these ratios can be used by the investor. It shows the basic ratio between debt and equity. This ratio is very hi gh, as we know that, banks are totally depend on the debt. However equity also make a part pf its total financing but its very little as compared to total debt. Due to this reason this ratio is very high in case of banks. As this ratio increased gradually, it shows increase in debt financing as compared to equity. RETURN ON ASSET [R. O. A]:20072006 Net profit after tax190,577181,655 T. Assets 49,822,349 46,438,623 0. 383 %0. 391 % Comments: This ratio shows the efficiency of the total assets, means how much efficiently the company using its assets to earn its net profit. As we know that in banks, assets are not a big source of generating earnings, and basic function is of debt and equity. That’s why this ratio is decreased this year as compared to the previously. RETURN ON INVESTMENT [R. O. I]2007 2006 Net profit after tax 190,577 181,655 Investment 2,811,033 2,877,554 6. 8 % 6. 3 % Comments: This ratio shows the return or net profit on the investments. Means how much p rofit the bank is making in terms of investments, rather than total profit. In this ratio it is obvious that profit ratio is increasing gradually as compared to previous years. And shows the better performance of the bank with the passage of time. RETURN ON EQUITY [R. O. E]:2007 2006 Net profit after tax 190,577 181,655 T. Equity 3,779,8973. 779. 897 5. 42 % 4. 80 % Comments: This ratio shows the profit in terms of equity. This profit is increasing gradually year after year as shown above. As there is no change in total equity, but the profit ratio increased. It shows the efficient operations an allocation of resources, as a result, the return on the equity is increased. EARNING PER SHARE [EPS]:20072006 Net profit 0. 50 0. 58 Total number of shares out standing Comments: EPS decreased this year. As net profit increased this year, EPS should also be moved respectively, but due to increases no of shares outstanding, it is decreased this year. OVERALL CONCLUSION Islamic banking is a very young concept. Yet it has already been implemented as the only system in two Muslim countries; there are Islamic banks in many Muslim countries and a few in non-Muslim countries as well. Despite the successful acceptance there are problems. These problems are mainly in the area of financing. With only minor changes in their practices, Islamic banks can get rid of all their cumbersome, burdensome and sometimes doubtful forms of financing and offer a clean and efficient interest-free banking. All the necessary ingredients are already there. The modified system will make use of only two forms of financing loans with a service charge and Mudaraba participatory financing both of which are fully accepted by all Muslim writers on the subject. Such a system will offer an effective banking system where Islamic banking is obligatory and a powerful alternative to conventional banking where both co-exist. Additionally, such a system will have no problem in obtaining authorization to operate in non-Muslim countries. Participatory financing is a unique feature of Islamic banking, and can offer responsible financing to socially and economically relevant development projects. This is an additional service Islamic banks offer over and above the traditional services provided by conventional commercial banks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internship Report of an Islamic Bank" essay for you Create order

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International Agreements Political Economy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Agreements Political Economy? Answer: Introduction The objective of this report is to provide an overview on the main factors affecting relative prices of commodities. Fluctuations in prices are upward or downward swings in commodity prices in the economy. A significant part of the price differences between the countries are the terms of trade of goods and services, fluctuations in exchange rate, wage compression etc. The causes of price fluctuations between the nations focus on the factors that impact the prices of tradable products, mainly services, as the price divergence apt to be eroded in the traded industry of the nation (Frank, Bernanke and LUI 2015) An exchange rate refers to the price of the countrys currency with respect to another countrys currency. Exchange rates are mainly determined in foreign exchange market. Relative prices of products and services are vital for determining changes in exchange rates over long periods. Purchasing power parity (PPP) signifies that the exchange rate between currencies is equivalent to r atio of currencies. It is determined in every nation based on their cost of living as well as inflation rates. This economic theory however compares various nations currencies through basket of product approach. Terms of trade (TOT) indicates the prices of countrys exports relative to their import prices. Fluctuation in terms of trade leads to changes in prices of exports and import goods. Foreign exchange market refers to the market in which the participants of the nation have the ability to purchase, sell, speculate and exchange on the currencies (Frenkel and Johnson 2015). The operations of foreign exchange market mainly includes- transfer of funds between two nations, providing short term credit to importers to increase the flow of products between countries and hedging risk of foreign exchange. The central banks of the respective nation plays vital role in this foreign exchange market. These banks control supply of money, inflation, and interest rates. They utilize foreign exch ange reserves for stabilizing market. The government usually intervenes in the FX market in order to influence exchange rate level and stabilize it for improving the health of the nation. Discussion There are several factors that influence foreign exchange rates. Fluctuations in relative price level of goods and services are one of the main factors that affect the foreign exchange rates. If the nations do not impose restrictions on trade, the exchange rate between these two nations currencies is permitted to adjust accordingly. Moreover, if the transport cost of products between the nations is nil, then exchange rate between currencies might reflect differences in level of price in these two nations. The theory of purchasing power parity mainly compares the relative prices of goods between the nations. Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff (2014) propound that fluctuations in level of product prices brings about variation in foreign exchange rate. Similarly, fluctuations in exchange rates might result to variation in relative price level. Hence, this theory assumes that there has been direct linkage between FX rate and purchasing power of the nations currencies. In addition, amendment in international prices of products and services creates movements in the exchange rates and vice versa. This means that if there is decline in exchange rate, the relative price level of foreign products and services increases. On the other hand, if there is an increase in exchange rate, then relative prices of foreign products will increase. The foreign exchange rate apt to rest at that point that signifies equality between purchasing powers of two currencies. This particular point is referred to as the PPP. Under autonomous paper standards system, the currencys external value mainly depends on the purchasing power of this specific currency with respect to another currency (Mankiw 2014). However, under such system, exchange rate is mainly determined by PPP of various currencies in different nations. The actual exchange rate between the nations seldom reflects two currencies purchasing power. The reason behind this is that the government of respective nations has either control exchange rates or prices or inflicts restriction on both export as well as import of products. Thus, changes in FX rates tend to impact on the PPP. The terms of trade usually measures the exchange rate of one commodity for another when trade occurs between two nations. The Foreign exchange rate has huge influence on terms of trade. In general, weaker currency enhances exports and makes imports highly expensive. Volatility in rate of exchange is mainly caused by variation in terms of trade as increase in value of the currency of the nation reduces domestic import prices but might not directly impact on the export product prices. Reduction in exchange rate decreases terms of trade while appreciation in exchange rate increases terms of trade. Melvin and Norrbin (2017) states that, direct as well as indirect impact of change in exchange rate leads to change in trade surplus or trade deficit. It has been stated Reisman (2013) that, depreciation in exchange rate should be sufficiently huge to cause impact on the balance of trade. In the short run, the balance in trade will deteriorate the import value in foreign currency that is multi plied by magnitude of rise in foreign currency price. According to standard theory of trade, the balance of trade is predicted to be directly influenced by depreciation. This theory also defines that the balance in trade in the nation is supposed to rise after depreciation in real exchange rate. Menkhoff (2013) found out that depreciation in foreign exchange rate influences terms of trade. The terms of trade is mainly determined by each nations reciprocal demand for the commodity of other nations. Moreover, reciprocal demand is governed by demand as well as supply conditions. Therefore, the demand intensity by other nations for a particular nations exports and the demand intensity for imports from other nations are the vital factors, which determine terms of trade. Apart from this, cost conditions of the exported commodities and that imported have also vital role in terms of trade determination. Intervention in the foreign exchange market refers to the monetary policy tool at which the central bank takes participatory role for impacting transfer rate of monetary fund of the countrys currency (Noussair, Plott and Riezman 2013). Intervention in FX market usually comes in two sections, which includes- Firstly, the nations that are highly dependent on exports and deals with appreciating currency, the government might try to intervene. Therefore, by weakening their currency, they are making export products highly competitive in global market. Secondly, there are times when intervention might be short time reactionary for particular event. However, these events might cause the nations currency move in particular direction in less time space. There are certain circumstances at which the government of the respective nations intervenes in the FX market in order to influence exchange rate level. The government adopts certain methods for influencing exchange rate, which includes- Reserves as well as borrowing- If the government wants in maintaining original value and exchange rate value decreases, then it might use foreign exchange reserves. Varying interest rates- Rise in interest rates causes flow of money as well as increase sterling demand (Melvin and Norrbin 2017). Moreover, it does not have impact on depressing demand in the nation. In this case, the government might be reluctant to reduce demand for increasing the currency value. Borrowing- At times, the government might borrow foreign currencies from the foreign countries. Reducing inflation rate- The government might decrease aggregate demand through tighter fiscal or monetary policy. Therefore, the main reasons for which government of respective countries intervenes in the foreign exchange market are given below: In order to correct for failures in the market In order to reverse growth in respective nations deficit in trade In order to enhance the performance of the nation. The government of the respective countries achieves following objectives by intervening in the FX market- Exchange rate stability Prevention of undervaluation or overvaluation of nations currencies Reserving exchange for vital imports Encouraging as well as protecting domestic industries For improving balance of payments For curbing conspicuous consumption For regulating export and securities transfer For repaying their foreign loans Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that there are several reasons for fluctuations of prices between the nations such as exchange rate, terms of trade etc. Relative prices fluctuation is one of the factors that affect foreign exchange rate. The factors that affects changes in FX rates includes- supply as well as demand of commodities, inflation rate, political and economic stability and government debt. Moreover, the government also intervenes in the market for improving the economic health of the nation by stabilizing exchange rate, repaying foreign loans, improving balance of payments etc. References Frank, R.H., Bernanke, B.S. and LUI, H.K., 2015.Principles of economics. McGraw-Hill Asia. Frenkel, J.A. and Johnson, H.G. eds., 2013.The Economics of Exchange Rates (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Selected Studies(Vol. 8). Routledge. Ghosh, A.R., Ostry, J.D. and Chamon, M., 2016. Two targets, two instruments: monetary and exchange rate policies in emerging market economies.Journal of International Money and Finance,60, pp.172-196. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Essentials of economics. Cengage learning. 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