Evergreen Woods Health And Rehabilitation Center - 1624 Words

Risk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is located in Spring Hill Florida. The center has been serving Hernando County for over 25 years. Services that the center offers are: Post-acute services, Rehabilitative services, skilled nursing, Short and long term care through physical, occupational and speech therapists. The mission of Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is to provide comprehensive services to meet the care of the residents and patients. They strive to meet customer satisfaction daily and follow core values to obtain excellence in care. Risk management serves to protect patients and staff members by reducing medical errors, remaining up to date with state and federal regulations. As well risk management protects staff and patients by eliminating hazards within the organization. Quality management serves the purpose to ensure that patients are receiving the best care available. In the organization Evergreen Woods risk and quality management plays the s ame role as it does in any other health care organization. Being that this center is an in-patient facility serving many different patients with many different health issues there are many different risks involved in the daily operation of the organization. Key concepts of risk and quality management within Evergreen Woods rehab while are undefined to the public it is noticeable to any person that is involved in the organization whether it be aShow MoreRelatedRisk and Quality Management1659 Words   |  7 PagesRose Risk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is located in Spring Hill Florida. The center has been serving Hernando County for over 25 years. Services that the center offers are: Post-acute services, Rehabilitative services, skilled nursing, Short and long term care through physical, occupational and speech therapists. The mission of Evergreen Woods health and rehabilitation center is to provide comprehensive services to meet the care ofRead MoreApplication of Gis in Natural Resourse Management10836 Words   |  44 Pageselements will function as a GIS in isolation, hence all elements would be considered of equal importance. However the nature of the data used, and the attention given to processing and interpretation of these data is paramount and should lie at the center of any definition of GIS. According to Kufoniyi (1998) a GIS has 5 major components, namely: hardware, software, method, people and data. Fig 2.1 components of GIS 2.4.1 Hardware A GIS relies on a computer for storage and processing of data, theRead MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36918 Words   |  148 Pages25% one month late, and 13% two months late. Roughly 2% of credit sales are never collected. BCP has the capacity to produce 800 planters per month using one shift. BCP has eight employees that each work 160 hours per month performing direct labor. Wood is purchased from a local supplier on an â€Å"as-needed† basis. The local supplier has a very good record for both quality and on-time delivery, but will only deliver on a COD basis. The COD arrangement is another remnant of the period when Dr. Bill wasRead MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36912 Words   |  148 Pages25% one month late, and 13% two months late. Roughly 2% of credit sales are never collected. BCP has the capacity to produce 800 planters per month using one shift. BCP has eight employees that each work 160 hours per month performing direct labor. Wood is purchased from a local supplier on an â€Å"as-needed† basis. The local supplier has a very good record for both quality and on-time delivery, but will only deliver on a COD basis. The COD arrangement is another remnant of the period when Dr. Bill wasRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesotherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street

Lack Of Mental Health Literacy - 912 Words

Lack of mental health literacy has been a rising problem in society as the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have increased. Heath literacy has helped people with physical health problems to get treatment and support that they need. It is important for people with mental health problems to have this support as well. The article, â€Å"Mental Health Literacy† by A.F. Jorn is about the issues that many societies today face when it comes to people understanding mental health. There have been many problems with people not being to recognize a mental disorder when they see one. This causes issues because when someone wants help for it, others can’t help them because they don’t know what is wrong. One of the biggest problems in the lack of mental health literacy is that people doubt the effectiveness in medication and psychotherapy. Research has shown that the most effective way to treat a mental disorder is through taking medication and seeing a therapist. Through the media and word of mouth, there has been many doubts about this. People see only the negative side effects of medication and other forms of treatment. Another issue is that people don’t know how to help themselves and they don’t want to try and help themselves. There has been a lot of stigma placed on people that have mental disorders. People may see them as weak or crazy and so the person might try to hide that they have the issue. There have been some problems in the past about mental health care and professionalShow MoreRelatedFamily Support : The Treatment Of Mental Disorders874 Words   |  4 Pageselement in the treatment of mental disorders. Family member can be an important source for information, support, and guidance. Many cases of mental disorders are not diagnosed and untreated due to lack of knowledge and negative attitudes toward mental illness. When mental health patients vulnerable their family may be the best option for basic care. Other options may be group home of mental institution. In some cases the family may take on the financial needs of mental health patients. This is due toRead MoreBackgrou nd Information . Cheltenham High School (Chs) Serves1546 Words   |  7 Pagessystems, there’s not much information regarding mental health that’s available to teachers and students. This underlying need that has been brewing at Cheltenham High School since the start of the academic school year. Each week at practicum, there are stories of a crisis that had already occurred in relation to mental health. Upon consultation with teachers, staff and school nurse, the theme that consistently popped up was the lack of mental health knowledge or awareness and training to appropriatelyRead MoreUnderstanding The Determinants Of Health1259 Words   |  6 Pagesthe determinants of health is a very important skill to have and develop as a nurse. It will allow the nurse to better understand the situation of the client, as well as recommend appropriate methods of treatment based on the client’s knowledge and accessibility to health care and information. The purpose of this paper is to outline circumstances that affect young adult’s health determinants in regard to mental health, with specific attention to education and health literacy. This will be done usingRead MoreWhy The State Auditor s Office Is Responsible For Evaluating The Administration And Management Of Public F unds1060 Words   |  5 Pagesare lack of child care, physical disabilities, mental health problems, limited transportation and low literacy. Child Care Low-income families normally include children, partly because of younger family heads. Statically lower-income families include more children on average than higher-income families. Therefore, lower-income families commonly face costly child care (Kimmel, 2001). Physical Disability / Mental Health Problems Mental health and physical health are connected. Mental health effectsRead MoreDepression Is A Highly Prevalent Mental Disorder With Estimates1690 Words   |  7 PagesDepression is a highly prevalent mental disorder with estimates indicating that it affects up to 6.7 percent of the United States population age eighteen and older in a given year for Major Depression and 1.5 percent for Persistent Depressive Disorder. The prevalence of mental disorders is the greatest among those who are ages 16 to 24 years of age (ADAA, 2016). The prevalence of youth with mood disorders is 11%, with nearly 50% of youth aged 8 to 15 did not receive mental health services in the previousRead MoreProblems Experienced by Older Adults Who Have Low Health Literacy Skills1013 Words   |  4 PagesHealth literacy Problems experienced by older adults who have low health literacy skills Health literacy has great implications for the older adults in the population. One implication is that the older adults may put off important screenings and tests. This is because as a lack of the proper health literacy skills, the older adults will not see the relevance or importance of these screenings and tests and thus will ignore them. This has been seen to lead to a higher incidence of problems thatRead MoreEssay on Impact of Health Literacy on Health1193 Words   |  5 Pages Health literacy is defined as The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions (Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, 2010), the word Health literacy first appeared in 1974 in a paper which calls for â€Å"education standards for all grade school levels in USA† (Carolyn Speros, 2004) . Some recent works suggest that there is a relation between literacy, low health and premature deaths (ChristinaRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Literacy in Canada1104 Words   |  5 PagesLiteracy is an important key component in almost every individual’s life. Also literacy could be described as one of the most important building blocks of our society. As our world and society becomes more complex, literacy becomes more and more important. Literacy has become so visibly important that sometimes people without proper education are not even accepted by our society. Today, many pare nts will do anything in order to send their children to the best schools, so their children can be educatedRead MoreEssay on Health Disparities of elderly population1379 Words   |  6 Pages Rural health has been a complex and multifaceted challenge for government and healthcare practitioners. The elderly who live alone in the county suffer from low socioeconomic status, low health literacy rates, declining cognitive and physical health and lack of healthcare facilities. The health status of this vulnerable group is impacted by rural culture and social values, healthcare policy and funding affecting rural healthcare facilities, distance and lack of transportation, and health literacyRead MoreHealth Literacy And Its Effects On Hispanic Population With Diabetes1715 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy and its effects on Hispanic Population with Diabetes Background Health Literacy In 2003 The United States Department of Education completed the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) and for the first and only time, so far, it also included items to measure the Health literacy level of adults in the U.S. This assessment intended to measure the capacity of adult individuals to sucessfully comprehend the healthcare system, basic understanding of medical conditions and all knowledge

Resource Management And Employee Relation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Resource Management And Employee Relation? Answer: Introducation In the present scenario, bullying at the workplace has emerged as one of the most significant problems in front of organizations and their management. Furthermore, such practices are threatening for companies as they directly result in increasing the rate of employee turnover and developing a negative working environment within the workplace. In simpler terms, bullying at the workplace can be defined as practices in which employees or staff members are being mistreated in a way that is health harming(Van den Brande, Baillien, De Witte, Vander Elst, Godderis, 2016). It is also considered a situation wherein verbal comments are being passed to employees by a particular group of staff members within the organization. Nowadays, the government and other regulatory authorities force companies and corporations to ensure that practices such as bullying are not entertained in any case. Over the past few years, it has become quite challenging for businesses do deal with the issue of increasin g harassment at workplace. However, it can be critically argued that there is a fine line between bullying and strong management which needs to be taken care by organizations(Trpanier, Fernet, Austin, 2015). For example, some people considered an expression of different opinion as bullying, and this is not correct. In addition to this, offering constructive feedback to people at the workplace cannot be treated as an act of bullying at workplace. Impact of bullying on employee In the modern era, management within New Zealand companies should take workplace bullying as a serious issue and need to take corrective measures to deal with the same(Francioli, Hgh, Conway, Costa, Karasek, Hansen, 2016). Bullying at regular intervals can also have grave consequences on overall health and well being of staff members. For example, vomiting or nausea during or before work, severe sweating, and increased blood pressure are the common symptoms which reflect that a person is a victim of bullying at work(Lewis, Megicks, Jones, 2017). Apart from this, staff members also start losing their concentration in their work and also results in hampering their overall job performance. The decline in health, well being and increasing anxiety are some other impact of bullying. On the other side of this, it can be argued that the overall brand image and market share of companies can be affected in case if employees file lawsuits against company for carrying out bullying practices. Bullying within companies in New Zealand Bullying at the workplace can be classified into various categories such as prejudicial bullying, sexual bullying, cyber bullying, relational bullying and verbal bullying(Samnani Singh, 2014). The overall rates of bullying practices are increasing at a very rapid pace within companies operating in New Zealand. Furthermore, different businesses cases can be taken into consideration to understand the same. For example, the case of Conaglen v The Vice Chancellor of Auckland University [2011] can be referred to gain insight into the concept of bullying because of emotive words(Findlaw New Zealand, 2017). It can also be explained that bullying practices are costing Kiwi companies millions of dollar which they need to pay the claims. In addition to this, the government of the country is also under high pressure to deal with this issue and derive the best possible solution. Bullying practices have also been witnessed among companies such as Bank of New Zealand. The financial worker union within New Zealand has explained that very high level of bullying exists within the banks of the country (NZherald, 2004). It can be stated that different measures have been taken to reduce or eliminate such practices from the workplace but still desired results are not achieved. For example, Workplace against Violence in Employment (WAVE) has been developed with an objective to reduce bullying practices at workplace. The data and information collected on workplace bullying in New Zealand reflect a shocking fact that one out of every four staff members are the victim of bullying practices. It can be argued that bullying at the workplace is a serious issue and management should consider such practices as a significant threat(Spence Laschinger Nosko, 2015). Furthermore, corrective measures should be taken by managers and top management as such practices adversely affect the overall productivity of staff members. Companies in New Zealand have developed zero tolerance policy against bullying, but still today these policies are not able to produce the expected outcomes(Nielsen, Einarsen, Notelaers, Nielsen, 2016). Even companies such as Westpac and The National Bank have witnessed the challenges of rising bullying practices at workplace. On the contrary of this, it can be argued that National bank took this issue very seriously and it has implemented effective policies against bullying and harassment at workplace(Salin, 2015). Different types of bullying at workplace Workplace harassment is considered as one of the most common forms of bullying. Furthermore, bullying at workplace also occurs in the form of verbal and physical behaviour, and this is quite threatening for employees. Increasing stress, turnover and lawsuits are considered as the major consequences of workplace bullying. Furthermore, prankster, sabotage, critics, loud voices, gossips, etc. are considered as some other form of bullying at workplace. On the other side of this, practices such as humiliation, victimization or threatening a person on a regular basis are also treated as the form of bullying at workplace. However, workers are required to understand the difference between bullying and strong management at the workplace. Sometimes employees are being threatened in the form of job loss, and this can be considered as a clear case of workplace bullying(Reknes, Einarsen, Knardahl, Lau, 2014). The employee working in different food companies of New Zealand also explained that they had been a victim of bullying several times during their work tenure. For example, some seniors used to interfere in their every task, and this has affected their overall productivity to a great extent. In addition to this, they were also treated differently as compared to their co-workers(Ritter, Matthews, Ford, Henderson, 2016). Such practices resulted in developing a feeling of dispersion among them, and the employees also explained that they have suffered from insomnia because of bullying at workplace. The overall productivity and performance at work also started declining because of such practices. Recommendation Employees are required to different actions and adopt various strategies to deal with the issue of bullying at workplace. For instance, bullying results in manipulating staff members emotionally and thus, workers are required to ensure that they do not get emotional in such situation. Furthermore, it is more efficient to stay calm and compose in such circumstances. It can be recommended that companies operating in New Zealand should emphasize on developing and promoting a positive culture within the workplace(Kwan, Tuckey, Dollard, 2016). The leaders and managers need to ensure that practices such as workplace harassment and bullying are not entertained in any situation. In addition to this, strict actions should be taken against the workers who are indulged in such kind of practices. Managers and leaders at workplace should hold meetings with employees at regular intervals and should inform them about the kind of employee behaviour is permitted and acceptable at workplace. It can also be recommended that the complaints and grievance within workplace should be investigated and taken seriously by the management. It can be considered as one of the most convenient ways to stop bullying at workplace. Complaints and rumours linked with bullying at the workplace should not be neglected by companies in any case. In the case when such complaints are received, immediate action should be taken by management. This will result in developing a strong sense of satisfaction among workers and will also restrict employees to get indulge in bullying practices in future. Training and development programs can be organized by companies at regular intervals to deal with and overcome the issue of increasing bullying practices at workplace. Training sessions should emphasize more on enforcing the laws and policies related to bullying and harassment. Apart from this, discussions should be carried out on the topic such as how bullying practices can be identified and the ways to deal with the same(Devonish, 2013). Encouraging zero tolerance policy is another effective way through which bullying at the workplace can be reduced. Bullying results in affecting the overall health and productivity of workers. Thus, it can be recommended that the management should try to understand the key reason behind increasing bullying practices. Here, managers and leaders are the ones who need to take the lead and initiate such actions. It can be expressed that the biggest mistake which organization make is that they do not want to acknowledge or accept the fact that bullying practices are carried out within their workplace. It acts as a motivational factor for people or employees who are indulge in such kind of practices. Such level of negligence directly motivates them to continue bullying of other workers in the future also. It is suggested that instead of waiting for claims and lawsuits, management should initiate the action of finding out the key reasons of bullying at workplace. Employees working in organizations should emphasize more on educating themselves and should learn almost everything about bullying at workplace(Chiu, Yeh, Huang, 2015). This strategy will help them to handle and deal with this issue in more efficient manner. Staff members can develop knowledge about different forms of workplace bullying. The rationale behind this is that such strategy or knowledge will assist workers to become aware of the right and responsible way to report such behaviour. Development and implementation of anti bullying practices are other practical strategies which can be taken into consideration to overcome the issue of raising bullying and harassment practices. It is suggested that companies should encourage more and more open communication channels with the workplace. Furthermore, employees should be motivated to discuss their issues and concern without any hesitation. The leaders and managers should ensure that employee should not feel shy in reporting such kind of behaviour within the workplace(Catley, Blackwood, Forsyth, Tappin, 2015). Furthermore, it is the responsibility of leaders to review the procedures and policies linked with harassment and bullying at frequent intervals. This will support them in identifying the gap in the existing systems and take corrective measures to fill these deficiencies. Processing the grievance and complains of employees is another key responsibility which managers and leaders are required to accomplish in the best possible manner. All form of aggression and concern of workers within workplace should be addressed by the managers and supervisors, and immediate actions should be taken against the same. It is the duty of employees to report such kind of behaviour and communicate the same to the concerned person on the priority basis. The management should also emphasize on building self-confidence and capacity among all staff members. The rationale behind this is that competent and highly productive employees are less likely to be bullied as compared to the workers with fewer competencies and experience level. Another way through which workplace bullying can be eliminated is by managing risk and stressors at the workplace. Conclusion From the above carried out literature review, it can be concluded that bullying is a severe issue and it should not be neglected by management and employees. Over the past few years, harassment and bullying in the workplace have increased to a great extent. Many companies operating in New Zealand have witnessed such issues, and several lawsuits have been filed against the same. It can also be inferred that it is not an easy task for organizations operating in the country to deal with such issues and different types of corrective measures are required to be taken regarding the same. It has also been identified that every one out of four employees has been a victim of bullying at workplace. An organization such as Workplace against Violence in Employment (WAVE) has been developed ways through which such practices can be reduced, and a safe working environment can be executed. It can be concluded that bullying has the direct impact on health, well being and productivity of employees working in the organization. Furthermore, high rate of turnover, lack of concentration and absenteeism are some other consequences of bullying at workplace. An employee can become a victim of different types of bullying, and it is the responsibility of the worker to report such behaviour against him/her on a priority basis. The best possible solution to deal with bullying at the workplace is enforced strict policies and practices against harassment and bullying. At the same time, strict actions should be taken against the workers or staff members who indulge in such kind of practices. References Catley, B., Blackwood, K., Forsyth, D., Tappin, D. (2015). 12 Workplace bullying in New Zealand. Workplace Abuse, Incivility and Bullying: . Methodological and Cultural Perspectives, , 173. Chiu, S. F., Yeh, S. P., Huang, T. C. (2015). Role stressors and employee deviance: The moderating effect of social support. . Personnel Review , 308-324. Devonish, D. (2013). Workplacbullying, employee performance and behaviors: The mediating role of psychological well-being. . Employee Relations , 630-647. Findlaw New Zealand. (2017, September ). Examples of workplace bullying cases in New Zealand. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from Findlaw New Zealand: https://www.findlaw.co.nz/articles/4288/examples-of-workplace-bullying-cases-in-new-zealan.aspx Francioli, L., Hgh, A., Conway, P. M., Costa, G., Karasek, R., Hansen, . M. (2016). Do personal dispositions affect the relationship between psychosocial working conditions and workplace bullying?. . Ethics Behavior , 451-469. Kwan, S. S., Tuckey, M. R., Dollard, M. F. (2016). The role of the psychosocial safety climate in coping with workplace bullying: A grounded theory and sequential tree analysis. . European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology , 133-148. Lewis, D., Megicks, P., Jones, P. (2017). Bullying and harassment and work-related stressors: Evidence from British small and medium enterprises. International small business journal , 116-137. Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S., Notelaers, G., Nielsen, G. H. (2016). Does exposure to bullying behaviors at the workplace contribute to later suicidal ideation? A three-wave longitudinal study. . Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, , 246-250. NZherald. (2004, September 30). High levels of workplace bullying in banks, survey finds. Retrieved September 14, 2017, from NZherald: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=3596201 Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self?reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian journal of psychology , 45-52. Ritter, K. J., Matthews, R. A., Ford, M. T., Henderson, A. A. (2016). Understanding role stressors and job satisfaction over time using adaptation theory. Journal of Applied Psychology , 1655. Salin, D. (2015). Risk factors of workplace bullying for men and women: The role of the psychosocial and physical work environment. . Scandinavian journal of psychology , 69-77. Samnani, A. K., Singh, P. (2014). Performance-enhancing compensation practices and employee productivity: The role of workplace bullying. Human Resource Management Review , 5-16. Spence Laschinger, H. K., Nosko, A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and post?traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of nursing management , 252-262. Trpanier, S. G., Fernet, C., Austin, S. (2015). A longitudinal investigation of workplace bullying, basic need satisfaction, and employee functioning. . Journal of occupational health psychology , 105. Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., Godderis, L. (2016). The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: . A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model. , 61-71.

Socrates Defence Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Defending Justice My fellow gentlemen of the jury, I am not speaking here today only for the defense of Socrates from being wrongly accused of crimes, but am here to defend the city of Athens from making a grave injustice and staining the reputation of our legal system in this great city. I should begin by making sure every jury member here today fully understands what Socrates is being charged with. Without a knowledgeable jury, then there will not be a knowledgeable sentencing, and when a sentencing is not knowledgeable, then it is unjust. First off, Socrates has been charged with teaching false things and not believing in the Gods. This is such an extremely asinine statement that it nearly makes me sick. Socrates does not ever question the Gods existences, but rather simply asks questions on how the world works around him, the world that the Gods have created. So he does never teach any falsehoods, just asks questions. Socrates believes and follows the Gods just as much as any other person that sits or stands here today. An example of his beliefs would be when the question of who was the wisest man arose. The all-knowing Oracle that is directly inspired by the Gods was asked ?is there anyone wiser than Socrates The Oracle responded that no one was wiser than Socrates, and what the Oracle says is truth, as everyone here surely knows. Socrates very well knows and believes in the Oracle, and accepted the fact that that the Oracle is correct, even though Socrates highly believes that he does not know much if anything. Thr oughout Socrates quest to find if anyone was wiser than he, Socrates grew to understand what he believes the Oracle means by saying Socrates is the wisest; not necessarily meaning he knows more than any other person, but he understands how the world works better than any other individual and that is what true wisdom is. Like I stated before, since the Oracle is directly inspired by the Gods, and Socrates believes that the Oracle tells the truth, how Socrates can must in the Gods, therefore this completely refutes the charge that has been laid upon him in regards to Socrates not following the Gods. As for the second charge, Socrates has been charged for corrupting the youth of Athens. So I assume that this charge was brought up because of those that follow or overhear Socrates are beginning to act like him when in the marketplace or the gym and are engaged in an argument with either their peers or elders. This is a ridiculous statement to make, especially after listening to Socrates and Meletus argue about what this charge is about. To say that thieves and those who do not follow suit to our city?s Gods does not corrupt Athens? youth, but a man that asks questions about how the world works, and tries to stimulate people?s minds is corrupting the youth of Athens, and yet the only one who does? There is no way. Whoever truly believes that stimulating people?s minds is bad for our youth, or anyone for that matter, are corrupt, and if they are exposing their ideals to the youth then wouldn?t they be the corruptors of youth? So do not be so quick to judge who corrupts whom because maybe some of you should be pointing at yourselves. This leads me into my next point. It may not be completely official, but unofficially Socrates is thirdly being charged for making the worse argument seem the better when he discussed with others trained in the sophist style of arguing. Now most all of you in here are sophists, and many here have discussed with Socrates. How is it that Socrates can so consistently make wrong arguments seem true? Are you too blind to see you were wrong, so ignorant as to not accept new methods to winning an argument? History tells us all that the way people think changes over time. New realizations are made every year and how the world works changes for good. For example, people use to be nomads; going from place to place searching for new shelter and food every week. Now we collectively have structure; we

Farmers essays

Farmers essays At the beginning of American history, agriculture was the main economic foundation. Profits gained from crops such as tobacco helped the country to prosper. Though by the late nineteenth century, new technology and the famous industrial revolution shifted the economic foundation of the United States. America was passing through a lot of political and economic changes, and the population boomed due to a massive immigration from Europeans. Still, one half of the U.S. population still consisted of farmers. As industries expanded with every decade, the situation of the farmers became harder and harder. Crops such as wheat and cotton were selling at very low prices, and this meant fewer profits for farmers. Furthermore, foreign competition, droughts, grass hopper plagues made the toiling farmers miserable and poor. During the last years of the century, all this problems caused farmers to unite and fight for what they thought was threatening their way of life such as monopolies, shortage o f money, and railroad companies. Some of their complaints were valid and well supported while others were not. The boomed of industries in the late nineteenth century, led monopolies and trusts to appear. People like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller became the first millionaires of the nation through their companies in steel and oil, respectively. However, the constantly increased of monopolies worried the farmers. In the cartoon The Farmers Voice the industries are the masters and the farmers are the slaves. Farmers worried that without competition, prices would dramatically increase, and consumption would decrease. Farmers feared the impact on their economic gains by the industrial decisions. James B. Weaver wrote in his A Call to Action: An Interpretation of the Great Uprising, Monopolies limit the price of raw material so as to impoverish the producer, drive him to a single market, and reduce the price of every class...

buy custom Signal Transduction in Neuropharmacology essay

buy custom Signal Transduction in Neuropharmacology essay According to Rosenzweig-Lipson, signal transduction is the process by which a cell can convert an input into an appropriate output, such as, the conversion of muscarinic stimulation of glandular tissue into a secretory response (Rosenzweig-Lipson, S. et al 239). In this study we examine the conformational change occurring in the receptor protein which is a consequence of agonistic binding that enables the receptor to interact with a second element in the system. It has been observed that G- protein transduces a signal to a third component an amplifying enzyme that elaborates an additional messenger which is the final component of a system, and activates a cascade of enzymes that leads to an increase in protein phosphorilation and an output or response (Sitaramayya and Ari 8). The membrane of a normal cell acts as a pathway for signals to pass through the intercellular molecules and it is that which activates transcription (Gilman 615649). These signals follow a certain rhythm and thi s series is referred to as signal transduction. Hence in this study, proteins are key components since they play very important roles in various inter-neuronal communications Membrane receptors, Second messengers, and Signal Transduction pathways When the neurotransmitter binds on to the receptor, ion channels permit the flow of ions. The receptors act on the protein channels by using a more indirect second messenger system. This is the G proteins inclusion in the transduction of from the membrane receptors to intercellular effectors. The binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor activates the G protein this in turn causes the protein channels that gate the ion flow to open and cause migration of either ion. A new component of GPCR signal transduction Proteins are involved in several vital roles in the inter-neuronal communication. The ion channels found in the cell membranes are proteins. G proteins are heterotrimers that consist of three subunits, which include alpha, beta, and gamma (%uF061- (45 to 47 kD), %uF062- (35 kD), and %uF067- (7 to 9 kD). The alpha unit is an active subunit, which binds the guanine diphosphate in its stationary state. On the other hand, it exchanges the guanine diphosphate for the guanine triphosphate when active. During this active mode, it acts as the courier between the receptor sites and the effectors. The other sub units, which include beta and gamma, help the alpha subunit to attach to membranes. Therefore, beta and gamma subunits are deemed as passive units in the G proteins. The alpha unit activates the effectors and gets back to its resting state. The alpha unit returns to its resting state through cleaving the guanine triphosphate, attaching again to the guanine diphosphate, and joining up with the betagamma dimer (Malbon Morris 5). The %uF061-subunit binds GDP or GTP and has an intrinsic, slow GTPase activity. The G%uF061%uF062%uF067 complex in the inactivated state comprises of GDP at the nucleotide site. Binding of hormone to receptor stimulates a rapid exchange of GTP for GDP on G%uF061. When GTP binds, it causes G%uF061 to dissociate from G%uF062%uF067 and to associate with an effector protein like the adenylyl cyclase. Binding of G%uF061 (GTP) activates adenylyl cyclase. The adenylyl cyclase actively synthesizes cAMP as long as G%uF061(GTP) remains bound to it. However, the intrinsic GTPase activity of G%uF061 eventually hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, leading to dissociation of G%uF061(GDP) from adenylyl cyclase and re-association with the G%uF062%uF067 dimer, regenerating the inactive heterotrimeric G%uF061%uF062%uF067 complex. In order to facilitate neuron communication, the post-synaptic neuron should posses the receptor sites for the neurotransmitters discharged from the pre-synaptic neuron. Through binding on to the receptors, the neurotransmitters are expected to facilitate change in the post-synaptic neuron, which may cause a potential action in the post-synaptic neuron. G protein receptors are engaged in numerous diseases. An approximate of 30% of the medicinal drugs target the G protein coupled drugs. The G protein-coupled receptors engage two principal transduction pathways, which include the camp signal pathway and phosphatidylinositol (Malbon Morris 8). A simple process takes place for neuron communication to take place. The postsynaptic neuron must have receptor sites for neurotransmitters that were released by the pre-synaptic neurons. The neurotransmitters must bind on to the receptors hereby bringing about a change in the, post synaptic neuron and this is called an excitatory post synaptic potential or (EPSP). At the same time, it could be an inhibitory post synaptic potential or (IPSP). These two are produced depending on the concentrations of either sodium or chlorine ions existing in the neuron. According to Jeong, the change in concentration happens in the channeling of either sodium or chlorine ions that migration across the cell membrane (Jeong Ikeda pp. 335347). The neurotransmitter-receptor binding facilitates the opening of the protein channels. The receptor is sited on the top of the protein channel to simplify the opening of the protein channels. The neurotransmitter-receptor binding enables the protein channel to allow the ion flow. The protein channels can also be acted upon by the receptors in an indirect fashion through a second messenger system. The second messenger system is exemplified by a G proteins addition in the transduction of signals from the transmembrane receptors to intracellular effectors. Clearly, the neurotransmitter-receptor binding stimulates the G protein, which facilitates the opening of the protein channels for ion flow (Sitaramayya and Ari, 23). In a second messenger system, a ligand binds to a receptor while the G protein attaches to the receptor. The guanine diphosphate that is bound to the alpha unit is replaced by the guanine triphosphate thus the unit detaches from the rest of the G protein. In this process, the next session differs from the simple messenger system. The alpha unit fails to attach to a protein channel and instead binds to another membrane protein known as adenylyl cyclase. The Adenylyl cyclase converts adenosine triphosphate to cyclic monophosphate. The process is initiated after the alpha unit latches on to adenylyl cyclase. Furthermore, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate initiates another protein in the neuron known as protein kinease. Protein kinease is a component that is composed of two elements, which include regulatory unit and catalytic unit. Commonly, the regulatory unit scrutinizes the catalytic unit. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate, however, causes the two units to detach. The catalytic un it, which is the active component moves to the protein channels in the membrane of the ion and triggers them to open. The ion flow finally occurs and the excitatory post-synaptic potential or inhibitory post-synaptic potential are stimulated. Several second messenger systems similarly work effectively. Proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals The G protein initiates a series of changes in the neuron and the ion channels open up. A receptor encounters a G protein in its active state. It is clear that the receptors and the G proteins are pre-coupled. The signal transduction relies on the form of the G protein. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is a type of a cellular protein that is regulated by the G protein. The activation of the Adenylate cyclase enzyme terminates when the G protein gets to the guanine diphosphate bound state. The Adenylate cyclases can also be activated in other methods, which regulate their activity. The heterotrimeric G proteins can engage in functional roles independent of the G proteins-coupled receptors. Apart from the heterotrimeric G proteins, other types of G proteins also play vital roles in the cell function. These proteins belong to a certain group known as small G proteins. They also perform their activities like the heterotrimeric G proteins. A G protein coupled receptor is a receptor that mediates the opening of the ion channels through a G protein. This component is involved in a system that renovates the external signals into an intracellular second messenger system. In this second messenger system, the neurotransmitter binds on to a receptor while the G protein attaches on to the receptor and becomes triggered. The alpha subunit, then binds on to the protein ion channel and cause it to open thus permitting ion flow. Therefore, signal transfer in this case is the vital role for the G protein. The function of G protein in the other version of the second messenger system is less undeviating. In this case, it does not activate the protein channels in the membrane. It activates a series of events that cause the opening of protein channels. This constitutes about seven membrane domains interconnected by three intercellular domains and three extracellular loops, an extra cellular N-terminal domain and an intracellular C- terminal domain. Each of the seven interconnected domains is composed of about 20- 27 amino acids. The GPRS span three environments and these are extracellular, intra-membrane as well as the intra-cellular. The conformal change of the central core will be responsible for the conformation of the intracellular loops and this will activate the binding and processes of the G protein. The activation of these proteins is then responsible for the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified to be the target for more than half of the drugs currently on the market; this includes approximately 25% of the 100 top-selling drugs. Hence, they are considered the most important molecules in drug discovery, due to their role as receptors in many processe s in the body and their presence in all the body tissues. G-protein specificity The binding of the GPCR to some of the different proteins will determine the various inter-membrane and intracellular members resulting in the localizing of the receptors and the G protein independent signaling (Hildebrandt Iyengar, 4). These proteins include the tyrosine protein kinesis and scaffolding proteins. GPCRs can be classified according to five groups. These five families are classified according to their phylo-genetic origins. They are glutamate, rhodopsin, frizzled, adhesive, and secretin and these form the GRAFS classification system. The rhodopsin family makes up the largest portion and was formerly named as family one or family A. It has the largest number of receptors in the group and 700 members. The group has some similarities of phylogenetic characteristics, but also has some intrinsic characteristics. There are about four more classifications from the rhodopsin group. There are three classes of adrenergic receptors of the super family of G- protein coupled receptors and they mediate a large variety of peripheral as well as the central responses to the endogenous catecholamines. All of the adreno-receptor subfamilies are comprised of three receptor subtypes that that are categorized by a distinct heterotrimeric G protein coupling. One concept that shares characteristics with inverse agonism is that of protean agonism. In this way, some ligands display both characteristics of both agonism and inverse agonism in a single GPCR. This event is quite rare and has only been observed at a handful of GPCRs and is not well understood at the present, however, it provides some notion into how the ligands modulate the GPCR behavior. In normal theorem, any preparation that is used in the measurement of GPCR stimulation by agonists can also may be used to study the inhibitory effects that come about from inverse agonism. This is because both groups of agonists and inverse agonists produce their effects from balancing or modulating the active as well as the inactive receptors. However, there should be an amount of spontaneous receptor activity needed to measure individual effects of either class of ligand. Similarly, the detection of inverse agonism requires that spontaneous receptor activity be quite distinguishable from that of background noise. This according to experience will not be the actual case. The measuring of inverse agonism and its effects intrinsically is quite difficult. The conditions for doing the same therefore will be the same as by measuring the receptor activation from the agonists. When a ligand is found to have a negative effect on an agonist, independent GPCR then the one carrying out the experiment must find out if it is genuine. The presence of endogenous activating ligands also needs to be ruled out of the equation. If that is not possible then one need to demonstrate the effects of a strong inverse those of the neutral antagonists or weak inverse agonists overshadow agonists. At the same time, the confusing effects of the related receptor subtypes if any are present at the time should be considered. There is a differential set for G protein partners, which allow it to initiate different signaling pathways in order to trigger diverse and even opposed functional outcomes in response to the same stimuli. The distribution of tissue according to the different adrenal receptor subtypes varies quite differently while conferring to the different catelochamines (Ciruela 31). G protein coupled receptors can activate G proteins and initiate the signaling in the presence of the agonist. The receptor activity can be quite spontaneous but can be regulated by certain antagonists. A process that many refer to as inverse agonism causes this and the inverse agonists job is to produce biochemical effects that are opposite to the agonists. This will dispute with the theorem that many support as to state the antagonists lack intrinsic activity. This would suggest their work is to preclude the binding of agonists to the receptors solely. The work of inverse agonism has been displayed in a wide variet y of systems. These include endogenously and heterogeneously expressed GPCRs. On the other hand, the contribution of inverse agonism to the overall therapeutic effects of antagonism is hard to etermine considering the continual presence of the endogenous agonists in the normal physiological conditions that are set in the state. However, the proof to such evidence of awaits the confirmation and evidence that spontaneous receptor signaling is significant or it changes in terms of receptor density or distribution. These have to be attributable to the effects of inverse agonism at the cellular and the sub cellular level. These also occur in intact organisms Thus, inverse agonism can be assessed at the level of the receptor, the G protein, and the effector as well as the effects that follow downstream. When considering the technique that works best in this issue it might depend on the system that is currently under investigation. Mall of the ends in this case, may not necessarily yield the equivalent results that many expect thus, it would be worthwhile trying to assign the ligand activity to multiple levels. The receptor, however, facilitates binding of the inverse agonists which increases by the guanine nucleotides whereas the agonists have an opposite reaction of decreased binding. Receptor-dependent specificity The past decade has seen many events whereby cell surface carbohydrates play a role in signal transduction events. This was hypothesized some time ago that the complex structure of cell surface carbohydrates was there to play an informational role (Haltiwanger 593). The numerous developmentally relevant pathways are affected by proteoglycans as well as the recent importance demonstrations of fucose modifications in notch and nodal signaling. This suggests that the time for uncovering the involvement of the glycans in signaling is just beginning. Many other proteins are involved in developmental or signaling events that are predicted to go through modification with O-fucose. At the same time, the EGF sites are also modified at consensus sites between the first as well as the second conserved cysteines. Many of the predicted O-glucose sites on the notch receptor have conservation because of evolution. This proposes that the modifications will play an important role in notch signaling. The other important form of O-fucose is mapped on to the consensus site on the thrombospondin type 1 repeats. However, this type repeats on a heparan-sulfate-binding domain and that suggests that the alteration may activate reactions at the site. These results and progress suggests that the surface has hardly been scratched the surface in terms of the role of glycosolation in the regulation of signal transduction. The objective is to find a link between these factors and the brain in neuropharmacology. Thus, we must become fully aware of what it means. Neuropharmacology is study of drugs that interact with neurons in the brain and this affects the mood, sensation, thinking and overall behavior. There are some of these alterations in behavior that result from drug intake but not all. RGS proteins as drug target GPCRs are excellent targets for pharmaceutical treatments since they comprise of the most widely screened classes of signal transduction targets (Auld, et al., 2002). Major diseases involve the malfunction of the receptors; hence they become the most important drug target for pharmacological intervention. Thus, changes result in the actions of the brains chemical transmitters, which is under the field of brain neuro-chemistry. A lot of interest is coming to the fore over molecular neuroscience in both clinical as well as basic research. This is because of new findings on topics such as neuro-peptides, neuro-hormones that have been disseminated into a number of topics that keeps on increasing with the time. The topic focuses on new drugs that will be used in neurology which some consider as the final frontier of the medical world. The aim is to also modify the processes of the brain on the premise of improving on some characteristics. These include memory; mood as well as attention de ficits that people may have and give enhancements in these sectors. However, they would not be impaired by disease or illness beforehand thus; it would cause much debate on the ethical field. There is also a field dedicated to this known as neuro-ethics. This field is defined as the study of legal and social questions that arise when scientific study and discoveries of the brains processes come into the medical field in practice. The problem in the real essence lies with the organ. It is the brain, which we are dealing with and it is responsible for making all of us unique in our own individual way. This gives us our personalitys emotions, memories emotions, dreams, and creative abilities, (Neuro-ethics 1). Therefore, it is the driving force behind the motives of our individual actions. Many out there would support the medical development of the sector of neuroscience in order to help deal with mental illness as well as basic research to further our understanding. However, they would rather the journey end there, as they are not too comfortable with getting to know too much about the human brain. The human brain is a special piece of art and holds a special place because it gives everyone his or her own autonomy. Manipulating this organ is not the same as operating and altering another part of the body like the lungs, kidney, or the heart. It is because of its sensitive nature that not too many people would be thrilled about giving stimulating drugs to alter intelligence of mood set up. This would be manipulating a persons character and would cause many uncomfortable feelings. Enhancement at this stage is not confined to neuroscience but there is a sense that something is quite distinct about enhancing things to do with cognitive functions as well as behavior. RGS inhibitors as clinical therapeutics Neural disorders for one have their origin in form of shifts and delicate balances in the neuro-chemicals that could originate from cell damage of degeneration. However, the brain is quite flexible and capable of restoration of certain imbalances. This can be done by increasing the sensitivity of the brain to a certain neuro-transmitter. However, this is not to say that it cannot also fail. When a substance such as dopamine is depleted, especially when talking about Parkinsons disease, then a disease or severe neural disorder may come, as a result. The fundamental research in neuropharmacology investigates the processes going on the brain and how drugs introduced to that system interact with those processes. One of the research tools that many like to employ is the building models of the neuro-chemical as well as the neuro-physiological processes. These aim to fit the data on the laboratory studies on the animal models. In a certain pharmacy department in a university, this happened by electrophysiological and microdyalisis methods in order to track the nerve signals. Nerves propagate their electric signals by conducting an electric pulse and this is known as an action potential. Endogenous RGS-protein function The signal in turn activates release of some transmitter chemicals at the terminals of the cell that affect the receptors of the next nerve cell in the relay that in turn continues the cycle. On the other hand, placing an electrode inside the brain will allow the individual to monitor further electrical activity. The release of the transmitters will be monitored while using the micro dialysis probe. This probe would also be used to release these chemicals locally and measure the full effects. At the pharmacy department at this university, neuro-physiological pathways are studied using two techniques. The specific studies that occur when relating several variables together that gives an understanding of the function of the brain area. To give a basic visual description of the neural circuits, bow and arrow models can be drawn that represent negative and positive influence relations. These models will be further tested for their correct nature and in this way, used to explain the functioning of this system. In this way, newly developed drug compounds will give a foothold in this sector because they will play the role of revising and refining the model as well as the experiments that are conducted. The model in turn will play the role of getting to know the effects. This would be in such a way , that if a drug used were to selectively favor one particular type of pathway then, it could still be used to further explore the function of that pathway. The data acquired from this may serve to refine the model and in this way, the effects may be explained as well as predicted. At this university, there is a group of nuclei called the base ganglia. These nuclei play an all-important role in the control of voluntary behavior. Scope of review in Parkinsons disease In Parkinsons disease a portion of them that do not survive decay due to a cause that yet remains unknown. However, this portion is a supplier of an important neuro-transmitter called dopamine. This transmitter is postulated to perform a modulating function. It is also thought to create a delicate balance in the signals that are bound for the cortex. In order for this to work, however, a schematic model should be used to represent neural activity in the brain ganglia especially according to Parkinsons disease. If this were visually illustrated on a paper, an arrow would serve as a neural pathway. This would consist of a bundle of individual nerve cells. The box in this case, would represent the nucleus or a clustering of nerve cells. The model gives a dual function to dopamine. It shows a direct path from the striatum to the SNR while inhibiting the indirect path via the STN. The balance creates an inhibition in two fronts, which are the thalamus and the brainstem. However, when it becomes nearly depleted then the balance becomes disrupted once again and this results in the increase of activation in an area known as the SNR. This state of hyper-activation in this region causes inhibition of brainstem neurons, which go hand in hand with some symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Most of the traditional research that goes to Parkinsons disease focuses on restoring levels of dopamine in the brain. However, the compound cannot be administered as an oral substitute because it cannot go through the blood brain barrier. On the other hand, it was found that L-dopa could pass through the barrier and it metabolizes while in the brain to form Dopamine. Thus, at the present it is the most successful method of dealing with Parkinsons symptoms. Possible clinical uses of RGS inhibitors Similarly administering L-dopa to the brain raises dopamine levels in other parts of the body. This high concentration of dopamine in the body on the other hand, causes feelings of nausea as a side effect. This is due to stimulation of dopamine receptors in other parts of the body. The therapeutic effect however, declines over a period like three to five years. Further research into the issue is finding out the effects of highly selective dopamine receptors that interact with certain dopamine receptors. The functions of the brain are quite dynamic. In neuro-biology, it is described as complex dynamic system. In physics the tools that people use for modeling dynamic systems is by employing differential equations. The variables show the properties of the system. This variables change over the course of time. When the relationship between those variables is ascertained then one can get the value of these values and thus, one can see the original state of the system. Therefore, empirical study of both the brain and the behavior of Parkinsons research will result in correlating variables of the activation frequency of the nuclei as well as the neural pathways and local concentrations of different types on neurotransmitters. RGSG interaction site the A-site (mark Herlitze (Eur. J. Biochem) However, these relations are not enough to dub the equation as quantitative thus; the relation is only seen as qualitative. There are many results on study on the brain whereby the change of one variable in one direction would cause another variable to be perceived as moving in another direction, as a result. Here the theory would explain why in Parkinsons disease, the activation of the thalamus decreases with the decrease of concentration of DA in the striatum (Peijnenburg 351). In the event that these events are insufficient to provide a model with the help of an ordinary differential equation, they can still be represented by a more abstract qualitative equation. G protein signaling in the C Until the recent past, it was thought that synaptic transmission was conceptualized some processes where the neurotransmitters would act through their receptors and cause changes in conductances of certain ion channels to cause excitatory or inhibitions on the postsynaptic potential. If taken in this view the human brain would seem to be a very complex diagram whereby the complexity of the visual representation would be in the complex wiring. It has become quite evident over the past twenty years that neurotransmitters elicit complicated effects on the neurons that serve as their targets. This led to a better and complete understanding of synaptic transmission. In addition to the fast elicitation of the post synaptic potentials and the neuro-transmitter receptor interactions influence most of the activities of the target neuron through a complicated network of intracellular messenger systems. The activation of most catecholamine receptors and most of the other types of receptors is transmitted to the intracellular sites via the G proteins. These in turn couple the receptors to other effector proteins. These would include the numerous intracellular second messenger pathways as well as the ion channels. The generation of these second messengers leads to various physiological effects courtesy to their arrival. In most of the cases, the intracellular cascades would involve the changes that occur in protein phosphporylation. This would be the removal of protein phosphatases from the target phosphoproteins or the addition happening through protein kinases. The altered phosphorylation of the phosphoproteins could also be considered as a third messenger. This also alters the physiological nature and activity. This happens with all of the neurotransmitters. Catelochamine regulation of the second messenger and the protein pathways influence a big part of the neuron function through the phosphorylation of different types of the neural proteins. These types of intracellular processes produce some sort of quick response to the neurotransmitter and this can be regulation of the ion channel or neuronal firing rate (Ross Wilkie, 795827). At the same time, these processes may produce a short-term modulatory effect on the neuronal function such as the regulation of the response of the neuron relating to similar or different neurotransmitters. These changes can also cause long-term modulation effects on the functioning of the neuron and this can be expressed through gene expression regulation. These changes would require altered synthesis of receptors as well as ion channels, cellular proteins and other forms of learning. There may be an exception of synaptic transmission that is mediated through receptors containing intrinsic enzyme activity or ion channels. The family of the trans-membrane could be involved in signaling in the nervous system. The G proteins get their name from their ability to bind with guanine nucleotides, which are guanine diphosphate and triphosphate as termed earlier. Since more and more is becoming known in the field, additional information is being revealed on certain materials otherwise thought to be dormant. Zinc for one, has long been thought to be a mere static component of the protein family. It was thought to only provide catalytic or structural functions to the group. There is recent research that indicates there is a further use for the metal, especially a particular type known as an intracellular pool of labile zinc, in signal transduction. The homeostasis process of zinc is under tight control, whereby, a specialized system of transport proteins regulates the entry and the export through the plasma membrane and through intracellular distribution. While in the cell, zinc can be stored in the vesicles. These are called zincosomes and the regulation on the labile zinc in the plasma is observed (Wu et al 1q31.). There are several reports that describe the fluctuations of labile zinc happening after the stimulation of cells on several established pathways. These include mitogen activated protein kinases and calcium that has been showing up. The important point is that is has been discovered that labile zinc is essential for well-known and established physiological signals. The investigations of the molecular mechanism of how zinc exerts the effects have come to identify that it directly reacts with the several components of signaling the pathways, which include the interleukin receptor associated kinase 1. These observations conclude that zinc is a second bivalent metal ion. Actions of the ANS on the cardiovascular system It also has the function as the second messenger in the cardiovascular system. In any case, it would seem that signal transduction is the key. The term first made the mark in biological literature in the seventies. It appeared as a title word as early as 1979. Most [physical scientists and electronic engineers had earlier used the term to conversion of energy or information from one form to another. An example being that a microphone transduces sound waves to electric signals. However, attention went to the biological application and the GTP and GTP binding proteins in the metabolic regulation. The term was borrowed from other fields to describe its role. The use of the term grew in momentum and by the year, 2000 about 12 percent of all of the papers that used the word cell had mentions of the word transduction. In the main issue when considering signal transduction, there is concern about the external influences and this could mean the presence of specific hormones and how they coul d affect what happens inside the target cells. There is some difficulty however, since the hormones being hydrophilic meaning the substances are unable to pass through. Thus, their influence is exerted from the outside and the membranes of the cells are very thin, and effectively impermeable to ions as well as polar molecules. Even foe small molecules such as urea, the permeability is still about ten thousand times lower than that of water. Thus for a molecule like that of adrenaline the permeation is still quite too low to measure. Thus, the evolution of these receptors has accompanied the development of the mechanisms and it is these, which permit the external chemical signaling molecules. These are the first messengers to direct the activities within the cells in many ways with high specificity. Signal transduction has delved into the world of the intracellular activities as those within the cell. There should also be a consideration of the adherence of the cell surface to other cells and enquires how this works in terms of asking how it affects the responses to the soluble agonists such as growth factors as well as the how the soluble agonists a ffect the cellular adherence. The event itself is an important in the maintenance of the stem cell compartments as well as the epithelial mesenchymal transition. These molecules affect the adhesion and therefore serve as the targets for the signals that are generated within the cell (Zhong Neubig, pp. 837845). These are two exemplified aspects in regulation of survival, regulation as well as leukocyte trafficking. Adhesion molecules are very important especially when it comes to the nerve cell differentiation, functioning of the synapse as well as gene expression in the epithelial cells. At first, these adhesive molecules were thought to be a form of glue but this turned out to be an untruth. At the present, they are recognized as receptors and the act as signaling molecules. However, the ligands that are involved with these adhesion molecules are insoluble. They are presented themselves on the adjacent cells by an extracellular matrix that happens to be on the surface of epithelia, or by a mass of connective tissue. These adhesive molecules development became known in the 1970s as a result of an investigation interestingly about the brain. It was realized that the organizational system of the cells that were in the central nervous system needed a systematic and dynamic process of cell gui dance as well as cell adhesion. This would go on to drive the direction seeking processes of neutrite growth and the formation of synapses. On this account, there were two main ideas that were considered. One was suggested during the development in order to establish precise cell-to-cell contacts. The interacting cells would each present the adequate unique adhesion molecules that would fit into each other like a lock and key simulation. The second idea would be that the set of adhesion molecules would be limited although their building capacity is limited over time. For instance, one could say that offering the same molecule during the process of outgrowth. This would be interpreted as a low affinity state. The cell would then turn to convert the adhesion molecule into a high affinity state. This might help in binding to a counter part in a nearby cell. It appears that there is truth to both of the propositions. The number of the adhesion molecules is limited and their capacity to interact with the counter receptors is regulated at the levels of expression and by their state of binding. In the part of immunology, the set of adhesion molecules that is set on the cell surface as well as the state of activation is dubbed as the area code (De Vries et al, pp 235-271). Some chemicals in the brain assist with the functions of releasing the synapses with the neurotransmitters. Neuro-peptides are released at the synapse region along with the neurotransmitters. They differ from the neurotransmitters in the fact that they are found at lower concentrations and are derived from larger inactive molecules that would be precursors, synthesized in the soma. These neuro-peptide precursors are transported down the axon while they are in the process of getting processed and cleaved. They are then degraded right after the synaptic release. The precursor peptides can then be processed differently according to the different neurons. They can act as multiple sites whereby they include the pre synaptic and post synaptic sites this could then include cells that are far away from their site of release. Peptide release however, requires calcium. The quantity of the release in this case is proportional to the neuronal firing. Most of the peptide binding sites are G- prot ein coupled receptors that activate enzyme effectors or ion channels. Many psychoactive drugs alter the neuronal signaling by acting as endogenous transmitters to activate neurotransmitter receptors. The other drugs act by altering synthesizing the release, uptake, or degradation of a neurotransmitter. The chronic use of psychotropic drugs exerts the common effects through the regulation of neuronal signaling elements that would occur at a variety of levels. These include the neurotransmitters, G proteins, second messengers, as well as the protein kinases. Chronic drug agonist treatment introduces the down regulation of the receptors by reducing the receptor synthesis that takes place (Hammer and Kaplan, 59). Other drugs such as anti psychotics may produce effects at a variety of levels, which include genomic, neuro-chemical, as well as neuro-physiological. At this, level the acute treatment antipsychotic treatment of the dopaminmergic neurons. On the other hand, chronic antipsychotic drug treatment produces the delayed inactivation of dopamine neuron firing. The condition of the brain and the reactions to different drugs affect whether one would be an addict or not. For one, neurosomatic patients do not fit the criteria for addiction prone people. This is in the same way, that chronic pain patients are not prone to addictions. Drug abuse in terms of medicine would be termed as craving higher amounts and doses of drugs that would cause acute damage to the patient upon intake (Goldstein, 331). Some chronic pain patients would argue their dosage requires escalation on a regular basis; however, they still hold to the line. These individuals are the ones at risk and have the most cases, of dropping from counseling. The sensitization of behavior encompasses the ability of stimulated cells NAc cells to secrete peptides as well as related substances. Signal transducing pathways may also include the regulation of alternative splicing. In this way, the use of alternative exons keeps changing during the development or in response to other stimuli. Neurons can change their molecular structure when they become activated, (Chen Lambert, 2000). This can be done by communication with other neurons or by receiving information from the outside. In the basic definition of the sense, a drug is a substance that brings about a biological change within the functions of a cell. The agonist, in this case, binds to and activates the receptor. The agonists come in various forms whereby a full agonist binds and activates the receptor with full efficiency. A good example in this case, of a full agonist is isoproterenol and its mimics the ligand epinephrine. Other drugs act as pharmaceutical antagonists. They might bind the receptors but do not lead to any signaling by the cell. On the contrary, they interfere with the ability of an agonist to activate the receptor. In this case, the effect of a pure or neutral antagonist depends entirely on it preventing the binding of the agonist molecules and blocking their biological functions. An endogenous ligand like serotonin may bind and stimulate the receptors that couple to different subsets of the G proteins. It is becoming apparent that the relative efficacy of compounds may actually depen d on the conditions used in the experiment. Inverse agonists on the other hand, are easier to identify with functional screens versus classical binding essays. When a receptor lacks the constitutive activity, a neutral agonist in turn acts as the neutral competitive agonist (Chan Otte, pp. 10-20). This was emphasized by a recent report where it was thought to be the neutral antagonists of the 5HT, which were shown to be the inverse agonists. Future prospects The regulations of signal transduction within critical regions of the brain have effects on the intracellular signal generated by multiple neurotransmitter systems. The effects represent putative mediators of the therapeutic actions of the available antidepressants and mood stabilizers, mediated by their effects on a network of interconnected neurotransmitter pathways. For many refractory patients with brain disorders, new drugs that resemble the "traditional" drugs that alter neurotransmitter levels either directly or indirectly and those that bind to cell surface receptors which are of little medical importance (Arshavsky Pugh, pp. 11-14). This happens so because of the assumption that the target receptors are functionally intact, furthermore the altered synaptic activity will be transduced to modify the postsynaptic "throughput" of the system. However, abnormalities existing in signal transduction pathways suggest that improved refractory to conventional medications is obtained b y direct targeting of postreceptor sites. Discoveries on a variety of mechanisms involved in the formation and inactivation of second messengers allows for development of pharmacological agents designed to "site-specifically" target signal transduction pathways. However, this is more complex than the development of receptor-specific drugs. This has made it possible to design novel agents that may have implications on the second messenger systems due to their heterogeneous nature at the molecular and cellular level linked to receptors in various ways and expressed in different cell types in different stoichiometries. Furthermore, since signal transduction pathways show unique characteristics depending on the rate of guanine nucleotide exchange, G protein conformational states, GTP hydrolysis, interaction with different RGS proteins, and cytosol-to-membrane translocation of PKC isozymes and receptor kinases, and many other ways, they provide in built-in targets for relative specificity of action, that relies on the "set point" of the substrate. In this study, we can summarize that due to technological advances in both biochemistry and molecular biology, understanding the complexities of the regulation of neuronal function is greatly enhanced in our abilities. Buy custom Signal Transduction in Neuropharmacology essay

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Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) - Essay Example Prior to the 1970s, such risks were left to the companies to handle and there was minimal intervention from the federal government by way of work safety-related policies and regulatory standards. By the late 1960s, workplace accidents resulted to the death of an average 14,000 workers per year while an estimated two million more were harmed or disabled. Furthermore, there was too little known about the health effects of the variety of chemicals that were being churned out of factories even as environmental advocates have been raising the alarm on the possible dangers of exposure. This disturbing rates and figures prompted President Nixon to sign the Occupational Safety and Health Act in Dec. 17, 19701. The enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) marked the first time that a federal program was established to protect and ensure the health and safety of the entire country’s work force by reducing job-related illness, injury, disability, accidents, and death. Then-Secretary of Labor James Hodgson’s first step was to establish the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a special agency within the United States Department of Labor tasked to implement and enforce the said Act; OSHA was established effective April 28, 19712. In order to carry out the mission which it was set out for, OSHA had to start from scratch, using the Bureau of Labor Standards as the nucleus from which to build up the program3. The OSH Act also established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the agency to conduct researches on known and possible work-related safety and health problems and to recommend regulatory standards which OSHA should consider based on their findings; as well as that, NIOSH was also to provide technical assistance to OSHA4. OSHA’s principal client groups are mainly organized labor and the business community; as such, they have played active roles

The Alibaba Group Business Ehincs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Alibaba Group Business Ehincs - Essay Example The English-based site known as alibaba.com focuses on business-to-business kind of trading, especially for many international buyers who strive to contact sellers in China. The Chinese-based website known as china.com concentrates on business-to-business transactions within China, and finally, there is www.taobao.com, a consumer-to-consumer business site for Chinese clients. The Japanese-based website called Japan.alibaba.com mainly focuses on Japanese customers. At the moment, the Alibaba Group comprises the following subordinate-companies: Taobao.com, an online auction website for clients; Alipay, an online payments site, processing majorly payments emanating from China; Alisoft, a web services provider to China’s Small and Medium-sized ventures; Alimama, which is an online marketing exchange forum, that allows web publishers and advertisers to trade via online promotion inventory; China Yahoo!, which is a search engine; as well as Koubei.com, the largest communities in Chi na for exchanging essential life information including as food, clothes, travel and housing (Bidwai 2010). Importance of business ethics and their impact on the organization Ethics means a collection of moral principles, a perception of right and wrong, goodness and badness of dealings as well as the motives and repercussions of these actions. When applied to business context, ethics refers to the study right and wrong, good and evil, and just and unjust dealings of businessmen. It refers to the study of business circumstances, decisions and activities where issues of what is right or otherwise are addressed. It addresses not only commercial enterprises, but also government entities, not-for-profit organizations (NGOs), charitable institutions among others (Crane & Matten 2010). At Alibaba.com, ethics is very important to the company in general and the HR department to be specific, for the following stated reasons: Ethics tally to essential human needs. All men naturally desire to be ethical; both in private life as well as in business where. By being a manager man knows that his judgment may influence a countless number of employees. Furthermore, most p eople desire to be part of a company that they can both respect and also be proud of, given that they perceive its purposed activities are honest and also beneficial to the whole society. The Group’s HR managers aspire to respond to the said needs of their employees. On the other hand, the managers feel an equal requirement to be proud of the company which they are directing. These basic ethical necessities force the organization to have an ethical orientation (Crane & Matten 2010). Values establish credibility with the larger public. A company that is perceived by the general public to be ethical as well as socially responsive gets to be honored as well as respected even by clients with no intimate acquaintance of its actual operations. There will always be automatic bias in favour of its services or products, given that people believe that the business offers value in exchange for their money. Its public concern will attract an instant response. Given Alibaba’s CSR ( corporate social responsibility) comprehensive program, together with the existing code of business ethics, the company has been able to craft credibility with the general public it serves. Values confer upon the management integrity with its employees. Values are meant to be a mutual language to bring the company’s leadership as well as its people together. Company ethics whenever perceived by the employees as genuine enable the building of common goals, language and values. At Alibaba.com, the HR department has realized standing with its employees because it has been able to register

Globalisation on Service Economies in the Uk Essay Example for Free

Globalisation on Service Economies in the Uk Essay MacKinnon amp; Cumbers (2011) defined globalisation as †¦ the increased connections †¦ in flows of goods, services, money, information and people across national and continental borders. . The globalisation process may be decomposed into constituent processes in order to explain the impacts it has had, which will be discussed more later. In turn, a service economy is one, or part of one, that is based on trade in services. A service is characterised by its intangibility, inseparability (the simultaneous production and consumption of services), heterogeneity and perishability over time and space (Regan 1963; Rathmell 1966; Shostack 1977; Zeithaml et al 1985, cited in Wolak 1998). Alternatively, services are economic activities which have no direct involvement with agriculture, mining, or manufacturing (OECD 2000). Both macro and meso-scale impacts will be examined, starting with the macro; how the service sector as a whole has changed and how globalisation may have fundamentally changed the concept of what a service might be. Inequality as a result of globalisation will then be discussed with particular reference to the North-South divide, before examining market structure changes in terms of levels of competition in the service sector. Finally, meso-scale impacts will be considered, emphasising wage differences in the UKs service sector. Figure [ 1 ]: Percentage share of employment in the UK by sector, 1980-2008 Source: ONS 2009, cited in Faulconbridge 2010 The most profound impact has been the expansion of the service sector since the onset of globalisation in the mid-20th century. Figure 1 shows the increase in service employment from 1980 2008. Further to this, the %GDP generated by the service sector in this same period rose by approximately 20% (OECD 1996, cited in Julius ;amp; Butler 1998), closely mirroring the data in figure 1. Explanation for this can be found in the international division of labour (IDL) that has occurred, in which agriculture and manufacturing have moved abroad to areas that have a comparative advantage over the UK in these sectors. Bryson (2008) referred to this process as the first global shift. The result is, as Figure 1 shows, that as agriculture and manufacturing decline in the UK, services fill the gap that they have left behind. But what led to the first global shift? Offshoring, the act of transferring (predominantly lower-skilled) operations to least-cost locations abroad, is a relatively new concept which has occurred with globalisation (Coe et al 2007). In particular, the rise of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) that are involved with multiple economic sectors, has created a pronounced IDL with East Asia as a dominant choice of location for outsourcing and offshoring. An example of this is Primark Ltd, a subsidiary of Associated British Foods plc. Primarks retail stores -the service part of its operations- are predominantly in the UK, but it sources its products (manufacturing that would otherwise be done in the UK) from East Asia (Primark 2011). This split encapsulates one way in which services in the UK have grown; at the expense of other sectors. Another explanation for the expansion is the liberalisation of the UK economy. As globalisation took hold, the view that free trade was the most efficient way to trade became dominant, a philosophy termed neoliberalism (Peet et al 2011). The result was the formation of trade blocs and international organisations, for example the development of the European Union into what it is today. Flows of capital, labour and goods between constituents of the EU are uninhibited by tariffs and quotas, leading to a disproportionate increase of trade in services between the UK and Europe as the costs of trade fell. Evidence for how liberalism has worked is found in the Big Bang in London. In 1986 the UK government attempted the most rapid, and most comprehensive regulatory relaxation ever attempted by an exchange (Clemons amp; Weber 1990: 233). By abolishing trade restrictions such as the minimum scale for commissions and opening the exchange to outsiders, deregulation made the City more attractive as a marketplace, thus regaining its competitive advantage which it had lost to other cities such as New York (Clemons amp; Weber 1990). But as Londons capital-intensive sector grew in size and scale, so did the whole service sector. Wages were pushed upwards and created a mood of optimism (The Economist 2011), increasing the demand for lower-paid services such as cleaning, which are vital for a city to function (Sokol 2011). As well as this, knowledge-based services such as accountancy or stock broking also flourished due to the increased volume of trade. Globalisation, more specifically the spread of technology, has also changed the fundamentals of a service. The earlier definition of service comes from literature from the mid-to-late 20th century, but more recently services have begun to transcend the characteristics of being inseparable and perishable, allowed by technological advancements (OECD, 2000). An example of this can be found by examining the relatively new concept of internet search engines; it is a service produced at one point in time, yet it is available for use at almost any point in time and space, and by virtually unlimited amounts of people. Through technology, a whole host of different types of services have arisen, contributing to the expansion of the service sector. One particular new type of service is a business service (BS). Shown in figure 1, the increase in employment in BSs since 1980 is due to firms externalising and outsourcing work (Faulconbridge 2010), for example employing an accountant from a specialist accountancy firm rather than one in-house. Externalisation can be explained by the concept of the spatial division of expertise (Bryson amp; Rusten 2006, cited in Daniels et al 2008), which exploits the theory of comparative advantage for knowledge and expertise, at a meso-scale. As such, the demand for BSs has increased, pushing forward BSs prominence in the UK economy. Another impact is the widening of the North-South divide in England, observed at least as early as 1988 (Green 1988), during the Thatcher governments implementation of neoliberalistic policies. Evidence for this is found in much literature (Martin, 2010; French et al 2010; Mackinnon ;amp; Cumbers, 2011; Bryson, 2008), arguing that the spatial shift to services in the UK has been uneven; growth in knowledge and capital intensive services have been concentrated in the South-East and London, whilst labour-intensive (and therefore likely to be lower-paid) services developed in the rest of the UK, in particular the North. This spatial inequality of the UK service economy can be attributed to a number of globalisation factors, but one of importance was the already-established spatial division of expertise between London and the rest of the UK. London had been the capital of the workshop of the world, thus established as a centre of knowledge, so as global markets became more integrated, and with events such as the Big Bang, the size and scale at which Londons knowledge economy operated increased disproportionately relative to the rest of the UKs. Further to this, the divide is exacerbated by exposure to world market forces that results from liberalisation. The financial crisis of 2007 which started in the USA caused the collapse of Northern Rock, RBS, and HBOS, major banks whose headquarters were based in Newcastle and Edinburgh. French et al (2010) argued that their fates signalled the end of Edinburgh and Newcastle as regional financial centres, thus further eroding the spatial equality of types of services in the UK. Indeed, Newcastle is increasingly being known as being a location of choice for outsourcing call centres (Richardson et al 2000). Exposure to world markets was mentioned when discussing spatial inequality caused by globalisation. But exposure has also meant an increased level of competition in the service sector as TNCs expand their operations. An example of this has been the inward foreign investment in the supermarket industry by firms such as Aldi since 1989, creating competition and adversely changing the market structure from the view of domestic firms. Aldi hoped to create 1500 new jobs from 2008-2013 (Wallop 2008), implying that inward foreign investment has brought positive impacts for service sector employment. On the other hand there are some service industries for which increased competition has had very few positive impacts, notably the coastal tourism industry. Blackpools local economy is based heavily upon services related to tourism, but with the advancement of travel technology exposing this market to international competition, the tourism sector has declined considerably in recent years (Singleton 2009) along with its related industries. Figure [ 2 ]: Index of rise in Gross Weekly Real Earnings for full-time males 1978 2008 Source: Lansley (2009) Inequality can also be found at a meso-scale, in particular, the increase in the difference between the highest paid and lowest paid workers. Figure 2 shows that the rate of increase at the 90th percentile in the male wage distribution has been far higher than that at the 10th percentile. Although figure 2 does not isolate service wages from other wages, this rising inequality is still significant as services made up almost 90% of the UK economy in 2008 (figure 1). Van Reenen amp; Bell (2010) showed that the increase in the top end of the wage distribution has been mostly in financial services. Much recent media coverage has indeed focussed on high bankers bonuses. The causes of this may be partially explained with by theories which do not fit in the context of globalisation, for example the decline of trade unions being responsible for lowering wages at the bottom of the wage distribution (Van Reenen ;amp; Bell 2010). However, in a globalisation context, offshoring plays a major role. Offshoring, as explained before, moves lower-skilled jobs to least-cost locations. This means that domestic labour supply is now competing with labour supply abroad. If labour can be supplied abroad for cheaper, the domestic price of labour (i. . UK wages) is depressed, thus explaining the low rate at which low-skilled wages are rising in the context of higher-skilled wages. Alternatively, domestic demand for unskilled labour has fallen, resulting in the lowering of unskilled wages (Slaughter ;amp; Swagel 1997) Furthermore, influxes of migrants, particularly from the EU, have contributed to t he impacts on the labour market. Whilst skilled migrants help to tackle the UK skills shortage, unskilled migrants provide excess labour market supply; lowering unskilled wages and raising unemployment figures. An alternative explanation is the migrant division of labour (Wills et al 2010), where foreign-born workers are more likely to take lower-paid jobs in the UK because the wage is still higher than what they might get paid in their home country, so driving down wages of lower-paid jobs in general. At the other end of the scale, the highest-skilled wages are being pushed upwards disproportionately because as global markets become more integrated, the rate of increase in global demand for skilled labour outstrips that of the global supply of skilled labour. Evidence for the concept of demand outstripping supply comes from Richardson (2009, p. 326): †¦ even in times of relatively high unemployment, employers frequently cite skills shortages as one of the business difficulties that they face. In conclusion, explanations of impacts of globalisation on UK services tend to be constituent processes of globalisation which are inextricably linked: the exposure to world markets due to trade liberalisation, offshoring, technology, and migration, but the impacts they cause vary greatly. Explanations may also rely on economic theory, for example, the impacts on the labour market. Exposure to world market forces, such as the current Eurozone crisis, may mean Londons position within the UK is compromised like Newcastles and Edinburghs was. Additionally, as shown by the contrast between supermarkets and tourism in the UK, impacts and their explanations are industry-specific. However, it must be realised that globalisation offers only partial explanation of the impacts discussed.  Politics, economics, sociology as well as wider geography play a fundamental role in particular, UK governments have played a vastly important role in shaping outcomes of globalisation.

Cloning - It’s Time to Stop the Cesorship of Science :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

It’s Time to Stop the Cesorship of Science How responsible are scientists for science and its applications? In a recent issue of the journal Science the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Sir Joseph Rotblat, proposes a Hippocratic oath for scientists. He is strongly opposed to the idea that science is neutral and that scientists are not to be blamed for its misapplication. Therefore, he proposes an oath, or pledge, initiated by the Pugwash Group in the United States (Science 286, 1475 1999). "I promise to work for a better world, where science and technology are used in socially responsible ways. I will not use my education for any purpose intended to harm human beings or the environment. Throughout my career, I will consider the ethical implications of my work before I take action. While the demands placed upon me might be great, I sign this declaration because I recognise that individual responsibility is the first step on the path to peace." These are indeed noble aims to which all citizens should wish to subscribe, but it does present some severe difficulties in relation to science. Contrary to Rotblat's view I claim that reliable scientific knowledge is morally and ethically neutral and ethics only enter when science is applied to making a product, for example genetically modified foods (Is science dangerous? Nature 398, 281). If genes are responsible for determining some of our behaviour, that is the way the world is - it is neither good nor bad. Knowledge can be used for both good and evil. Of course, scientists in their work have the responsibilities of all citizens to do no harm and be honest. Their additional responsiblity is to put their work and its possible applications in the public domain. Rotblat does not want to distinguish between scientific knowledge and its application, but the very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict what will be discovered or how these discoveries could be applied. Cloning provides a nice example. The original studies related to cloning were largely the work of biologists in the 1960s. They were studying how frog embryos develop and wanted to find out if genes which are located in the cell nucleus were lost or permanently turned off as the embryo developed. This involved putting the nuclei of cells from later stages in development, including adult cells, back into an egg from which the nucleus had been removed to determine whether the genes in that nucleus would allow the egg to develop.

Steve to Stephanie Essay

1) How can Henrietta help Steve transition in a company where not everybody is supportive? Henrietta can help Steve transition in a number of ways. Because the idea of switching gender is abstract idea, not every person will be accepting of it. In fact most people will be unaccepting of it being that they are morally agaist the idea of switching gender. Just as people are hesitant to accept gays, the dominant male female role stereotypes have been long ingrained in most cultures and most people accept them as â€Å"normal†. I believe the first thing that must be done to help Steve and LaSalle with the gender transition is to educate people about the process. People need to be aware of the reasons someone would choose to do this so they can understand why and possibly make some sense of it on their own. However the timing of this education needs to be carefully planned as to what the company and Steve believe is best. After education the Human Resource team should be leveraged to carefully monitor the situation and help those who are struggling to accept Steve’s life choice. 2) Does Steve’s transition risk integration of CatalCon, or any stakeholder relationships? Be Specific! Yes Steve gender transition will more than likely affect CatalCon and Lasalle’s integration for a number of reasons. First being that Steve’s sales partner Alex already has a bad opinion of Steve due the fact that Steve was given the Sale’s Director position over Alex. Alex being the number two at CatalCon before the acquisition believes he is much more qualified for the position though his 20 years of experience. Because there is already residual resentment the news of this gender transition angers Alex because he believes it is morally wrong and doesn’t believe in such a thing. Also he thinks that many of the shareholders and customers who are mostly conservative will not like this announcement. Alex believes they will lose business because of this and there is nothing the company can to stop it because they cannot fire Steve due to gender discr imination state laws. Also Alex is a very respected sales man and losing him would be detrimental to the CatalCon acquisition. He is needed for his understanding of CatalCon products that sales people from LaSalle will just not have due to lack of experience. 3) How far should firms go to protect and accommodate employee differences in the workplace? The firm has an obligation to protect Steve’s privacy, as this is a medical issue. So while they might want to settle things in ways that will make the majority happy, there are laws that force you to look out for the little guy. Any firm has a human resource team that is obligated to mediate employee disputes. But no matter what type of employee is the majority they must take actions to provide an equal and safe working environment for everyone. I believe that Henrietta made a mistake sending out a memo to specific people in the firm. Memos can be misplaced and seen by the wrong eyes. This could lead to a privacy lawsuit and should be avoided by waiting to announce sensitive material until a time that is right for the subject and the firm. Some employees may have issues other than medical that need to be met such as religious differences and cultural differences where dress code must be bent. I believe if there are differences that need to be accommodated for they most likely have laws that protect those differences. Therefore you will have some sort of guidelines as to how you many attempt to accommodate them.