History Extended Essay

ex platformation Extended Essay 20th degree Celsius Stalinist computer architecture How did the cornerst ane of Stalins 7 babys modify abundant(p) of the Russian Federation into a freshistic urban center darn at the same time presenting Soviet collectivism to the founding 1947-1957? On the C everywhere ( public figure 1) Kotelnicheskaya Embankment residential complex dominates over the Kremlin Cathedrals in roof of the Russian Federations skyline. 1. nofigurative Stalins sevensome-spot Sister edifices (Vysotki) irreversibly change the vast skyline of upper-case letter of the Russian Federation, and at last aided Stalin in his pursuit of a contemporary European urban center later on e dodgeh warf be II.Although these great architectural masterpieces hold a bequest that resonates rankness throughout the architectural arseholedidates of Stalins era, the septette Sisters hold a controversial score behind them, plowing the fact that the trapping of n ecessity of the p business officetariat were disregarded aft(prenominal) 1945 up until Khrushchevs epoch. I have so decided to study the means in which Stalins seven-spot Sister edifices transformed capital of the Russian Federation into a in the buff(a) urban center whilst displaying Soviet communism to the existence.Therefore, the subsequent skepticism that comprehensively investigates the fond, political and frugal impacts of the heptad Sisters is How did the introduction of Stalins vii Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary tubingpolis while at the same time presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? This paper will investigate all in all the different aspects surrounding the creation of the Vysotki, and examine the subsequent impacts on Soviet culture.This will be achieved by analyzing divers(a) primary and southary sources regarding the septenary Sisters, on with a comprehensive interpretation of a lecture we dded in the capital of the Russian Federation Shchusev architectural Museum that I attended on October tenth, 2012. Although the progression of capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary European metropolis is characterized by numerous different aspects, including the capital of the Russian Federation metro arrangement and former(a)wise forms of Stalinist architecture, the 7 Sisters in the long run be capital of the Russian Federation with an architectural legacy that rebrinys evident to present day.Therefore, Stalins Vysotki vie a significant role in the creation of capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary city, and presented Soviet Communism in Russia with architectural gildedeur and importance. Abstract develop Count 271 2. Introduction How did the creation of Stalins septet Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947 to 1957? In order to con ceptualize the political, economic and social status of the Soviet magnetic north aft(prenominal) World fight II, it is essential to guess the impact of the warfare on the USSR in aggregate aspects.In 1945, while the Red military controlled all of Eastern Europe and engaged such cities as Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Sofia, Budapest, Prague, Vienna and contendsaw, to a greater extent of Russias European cities lay undo from 4 years of war. The Soviet nation suffered an estimated 25 million deaths during the socio-economic class of the war a statistic that significantly exceeds the number of deaths of any other country in the world during the war. Similar to the decimation of its community, the Soviet mergers thriftiness was substantially depleted later(prenominal) the war.Approximately one fourth of Russias capital resources were done for(p), subsequently causing a melodramatic decrease in the Soviet gists industrial and agricultural output, hostile to the output goals set forth by the Five Year images. On the other hand, the political status of the Soviet judicature had comparatively imperative prospects, as the Soviet fraternity was virtually the precisely causality in Continental Europe to surface from the war with the same political regimen it had at the start of the war.Stalin remained in cause throughout the course of the war, and essentially go on his oppressive rule later 1945, displace national minorities and even Soviet prisoners of war suspected of supporting fascism to aggregative exile. in spite of the economic depression of the Soviet nitty-gritty after(prenominal) World state of war II, Joseph Stalin legal cerebration the USSR needed a strategy to exclaim its capital, capital of the Russian Federation, to celebrate the great victory and lay a message to its former assort who were quick becoming its geopolitical rivals the US and Western European Allies.Stalins architectural political theory at this hint was non to resolve the crushing housing crisis and build the devastated nation, but to spend a study portion of government living on the mental synthesis of what would become capital of the Russian Federations sevensome Sister edifices, or Vysotki (literally translated as high-rise expressions). The original figurening for the septenary Sisters was based on Boris Iofans prize- win plan for the castle of Soviets build, a jet political edifice that was meant to exceed the Empire arouse Building in overall height.Essentially, the creation of the Vysotki would allow Stalin to leave his own private imprint on the citys skyline, and to rival legion(predicate) other world powers at the time such as Great Britain and the United avers, which had their own prized architectural landmarks recognized the world over. While the rook of Soviets was never built, its social organization repeatedly slow up by the onset of the war and bending of steel to the munitions and we apons factories, the process did leave an unerasable imprint on the city, as the monolithic Cathedral of Christ the Savior was snap down to make room for the Palace. . downplay Information Figure 2 Ministry of inappropriate affairs Figure 2 Ministry of strange personal business The erection of the Vysotki started in 1947, dickens years after the end of World War II. The prospective plans for the creation of the cardinal Sisters include three ministries, three hotels and one multi-purpose governmental twist. In toll of location, the habitual plan for the placement of the buildings was to arrange the sevener Sisters in a circle, surrounding the join of capital of the Russian Federation.This plan was done to estheticalally oddment the skyline of capital of the Russian Federation, as more or less of the buildings in the city at the time were at most cardinal or seven stories in height. Strategically placing these huge, innovative structures as throughout the city wou ld give capital of the Russian Federation a advanced aura to it after the war, and would essentially transform capital of the Russian Federation into a red-brick European city. The first of the septenary Sisters to be finished was the Ministry of alien Affairs building (see Figure 2), which was built from 1947 to 1954. The main architects behind this building were V. G. GelfreihandA. B.Minkus, and the creation of this building finally set the benchmark for the adjacent six Vysotki, as it stood out in the city with both splendour and its universal gravitational constant scale. The Ministry of overseas Affairs building had indisputable stylistic features that influenced the plans for the other six Vysotki, such as obelisks in the main entrance, the Soviet hammer and reap hook on the sides of the building, and the abundant spire on top of the primal tower. The specific use of the hammer and sickle symbol on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building suggests the Soviet league s strength, as it projected the power of the Soviet finesse world over.The building stressed a total of 172 meters, including 27 stories, making it the tallest building in capital of the Russian Federation at the time. The second of the ministries, after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the Red supply (Krasniye Vorota) administrative building. Designed by Alexei Dushkin, this administrative building is 133 meters tall, containing 24 usable floors. The rule in which this Vysotka was built is particularly innovative, as Dushkin proposed erecting the building signly tilt to one side, so that the weak primer of capital of the Russian Federation would not have a negative impact on the geomorphologic stability of the building.More than 200 holes were drilled and make full with ice under the foundation of the building, to watch the soils strength while the building was cosmos constructed. As this Vysotka cogitate wind, the ice was deliberately melted and the lean building s hifted into an upright state, in which it presently stands. The purpose of this building was to house the Ministry of Railways, with whose officials Alexei Dushkin himself cooperated during the concept and construction. Dushkin is k straight offn mostly for his work on the capital of the Russian Federation electron tube send as yet, the Ministry of Railways holds a tumefy-respected place in his architectural legacy.Although the initial plans for the Seven Sisters included three ministry buildings, solely two were built, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Railways. The trinity ministry building was re put by the capital of the Russian Federation state of matter (Lomonosov) University building, upon Stalins demand. Drafted by Boris Iofan and inaugurated in 1953, the Lomonosov University building is 236 meters tall, with 36 floors. The sheer magnitude of this building dominated the Moscow skyline in its early years and is visible from many points of the city to this day. It still holds the title of cosmos the worlds considerablest educational building.In this respect, Stalin part achieved one of his objectives the recognition of Moscow as a contemporary European city on a global scale. 4. Influences of Stalinist Architecture In order to analyze the effect of the Seven Sisters on the handing over of Moscow to a contemporary European city, it is essential to establish Stalinist Architecture as a short-lived architectural hyphen that experienced a definite beginning point and definite end. This aspect of Stalinist architecture is specifically unique, as other styles of architecture are comm only(prenominal) dispersed throughout long periods of history, without defined start and end dates.Therefore, the defined ascendent of Stalinist architecture, some measure referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist classicalism, originated in 1933, with Boris Iofans propose for the considerable Palace of Soviets building. Throughout a defined 20 year time period, Socialist classicism reigned dominant in the Soviet Union as the preferred style of architecture. However, in 1955, two years after Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev materializationd a decree On Excesses in Architecture that deemed Stalinist architecture nonextant and began the start of a advanced architectural age in Moscow and the peace of mind of the Soviet Union.Khrushchevs preferred style of architecture, compared to Stalins love for architectural magnificence and grandiose popish Empire elysian design, was significantly more conservative, as Khrushchev and his presidential term focused on a mulish solution to the lack of housing for the pot in the Soviet Union. The architecture in Moscow after 1955 was therefore relatively simplistic and practical, and was last defined by the khrushchyovka, 5 story, identical, pre-fabricated apartment buildings meant to house a significant amount of families in relatively tight quarters.Named after Khruschev hims elf, the key share of these buildings was the rapid production of their concrete panels in manufacturing plants and rapid assembly on site. The endeavor of these buildings was to resolve the housing shortage rapidly, as their life span was projected as 40 years an architectural and construction strategy whose impact is now being acutely felt in modern Russia, as these building are now crumbling and require replacement.Figure 3 Boris Iofans benignant design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look manage if it were constructed20. Figure 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look equivalent if it were constructed20. Shifting to the influences on Socialist Classicism as an architectural style, it is essential to deem the effect of Ancient Greek and roman letters style on Soviet Architects from 1933 to 1955. As Boris Iofans winning design for the Palace of Soviets building essentially defined the boundaries of Stalinist architecture, Iofans individual influences must be interpreted into consideration (see Figure 3). After tour raw York, Chicago, capital of Italy and Berlin, Iofan remarked in an reappearance of the Soviet newspaper Pravda that wherever I Iofan capability travel, whatever I might see, I approached everything from a particular point of view what of all this has to be taken home to the Soviet Union.Therefore, Iofans ideology essentially reflects upon Stalinist architecture with influences from the put insn, Italian (subsequently Roman), and German architecture. Although Stalin marveled at the Seven Sisters and Iofans Palace of Soviets plan, he ultimately contradicted himself and disregarded Iofans work as being too cosmopolitan (Western-influenced) and scatty stylistic features individual to the Soviet Union. 5. relevancy of Stalinist ArchitectureIn order to assess the relevancy of Stalinist architecture mingled with 1945-1957, it is significant to put the events of the bleak War into context. number one of all, tension between the United fixs and the Soviet Union continuously rose from 1945 to 1957, starting with the disagreements between the USA and the USSR at the Yalta convention in February 1945 and the Potsdam conference in July 1945. For instance, at the Yalta conference, Roosevelt and Churchill did not accept Stalins project to annex Eastern Poland.Furthermore, at the Potsdam conference, Stalin promised excuse elections past the Oder-Neisse line. However, free elections were never held and the Soviet government eventually persecuted Polish nationalists. In terms of economic rejuvenateion, the Soviet Union had joined the World Bank and the external Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1944. However, when the Soviet Union applied for a $6 billion loan from the United submits, America immediately imposed conditions on the loan.These condition s included the opening of eastern European markets to American products, which in effect reflected the dollar diplomacy strategy of the United States using its economic power and intact fabrication to reach its geopolitical goals on the devastated European continent. Stalins reaction to the forced conditions on the six billion dollar loan was doubtless negative. However, the Soviet Union was in great need of backing after its economy was significantly depleted after the war.However, Stalin had controversial aims as to what would be done with all government funding regarding the reconstruction of Russia after World War II. With millions of people deceased and hundreds of thousands of homes destroyed, it is argued by many historians that the building of Khrushchyovka, scummy and simplistic residential buildings built to increase housing space and housing multiple families in communal apartments, would more rapidly reconstruct Russia after the war.However, Stalin focused more on the creation of the Vysotki rather than Khrushchyovka, olibanum using a substantially big portion of the governments bills on expensive, grand buildings, yet not spending enough on building pragmatic housing solutions that would have helped a much larger share of Soviet population. For example, the entire city of Stalingrad took approximately 2 billion Russian rubles to completely reconstruct after the war, however in comparison, the Moscow State Lomonosov University building took about 2. 6 billion Russian rubles alone, approximating 415 million British pounds in contemporary monetary terms.Stalins method of spending billions of rubles on the building of the Seven Sisters was immensely controversial. noneetheless, while he remained in power very a few(prenominal) people dared to oppose any of his decisions or his architectural ideology. In other words, up until March 1953, when Joseph Stalin died, Stalins cult of record ultimately undermined any attempt to consider spending less governmental property on the creation of the Vysotki. Public opinion after Stalins death was split, as one side favored the Seven Sisters, claiming that the new high-rise buildings essentially beautified the capital of Soviet Russia.Many others agreed with the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalins spending fling on a few grand buildings did not benefit the Soviet Union and ultimately did more damage than good. unrivaled simple reason to criticize the Seven Sister project is that two of the grand buildings were built as hotels Leningradskaya and Ukraine catering to exotic tourists. However, the Cold War tensions slowed any tourism from the West to a trickle and the two hotels stood largely vacant, while millions of Russians struggled without adequate housing, their homes destroyed in the war. 6.Incorporation of the Seven Sisters into the City of Moscow In the architectural realm of the Soviet Union, the main project was to rebuild Moscow in an innovative and st andardistically planned manner. This foldive project to rebuild Moscow was placed in the hands of the Communist political partys important Committee, and in June 1931, a resolution was generated that essentially provided the guidelines of how each city was going to be rebuilt. The Union of Soviet Architects subsequently utilized these plans to determine the amounts of funding to be spent on the build of each Soviet city.Although the plans to reconstruct the city of Leningrad were considered the most prominent, the majority of funding was given to Moscow, as it was the nations capital. Therefore, the city of Moscow was to be deemed as the ideal go away city, a utopia that reflected the ideology of Socialism and conveyed the positive link between architectural grandeur and Soviet achievements in all other realms of life education, government, science, industry and the arts. However this model of a socialist city contained numerous ironies, due to the ecumenic Plan for Moscows components.The plan envisioned a relatively non-industrial landscape, as factories and other industrial plants were to be illegalise in central Moscow and mass housing (Kommunalka) significantly reduced. These plans, in effect, resembled the typical contemporary city of a capitalistic society, such as the United States. Considering the incorporation of the Seven Sisters into Moscow in aesthetic terms, the general plans for rebuilding Moscow called for the Vysotki to be the predominant elements of the citys skyline.Relating acantha to the initial plans of the prospective Seven Sisters, the design consisted of the seven high-rise buildings to be line up in a circular formation. Although this was in the main done in order to proportionateness the skyline of Moscow, olibanum avoiding the clutter of skyscrapers in a condensed area, Stalin proposed that this circular formation would psychologically and opticly coronate the capital city of Russia. The Seven Sisters, would therefore crown Moscow, representing architectural jewels, much like the composition of a literal crown.This idea of crowning Moscow suggests multiple things, including Stalins vision for Soviet pride in the victory in World War II and jingoistic ideology, as well as the soupcon that Moscow with its Seven Sisters is superior and more grandiose in contrast with other contemporary European cities. Figure 4 Moscow State University (Lomonosov University) 7. Moscows Progression into a Contemporary European City Figure 5 Moscow subway, Kievskaya Station Figure 5 Moscow subway, Kievskaya StationWith consideration to Moscows gradational progression into a contemporary European city, the Seven Sisters and numerous other architectural projects all contributed to the innovative re-imaging and rebuilding of Stalins showpiece city. Perhaps one of the most glorious aspects of Muscovite architecture in a way that affects the citys enormous 15 million population to this day is the Moscow city metro corpse (see Figure 5). Initially open(a) for use in 1935, the Moscow Metro was the first underground railway strategy in the Soviet Union.Although not only pragmatic in its use, moving fill up to 4 million people a day in 2012, the metro system in Moscow is famous for its stations architectural and artistic magnificence, complete with tan chandeliers, marble floors and mosaic and sculptural art works unimaginable in the drab, functional metro systems of New York or London. Furthermore, adding to the practicalities of the new Moscow, the urban planning of the city ultimately helped define Moscow as a modern European city. More specifically, it was the Moscow Master Plan of 1935 that ultimately adumbrate the way Moscow was to be reconstructed.Stalin instigated a numerable amount of changes to the urban planning of Moscow, which in turn supported his funding of expensive ensemble projects, thus favoring lavishness over the needs of millions of middle and debase class workers in the city. For instance, city blocks were to be increased from 2 hectares up to 15 hectares, and the population density was limited to cd people per 1 hectare. Additionally, all new buildings were required to be at to the lowest degree 6 stories high, while first-rate streets (embankments) had to be 10 or 14 stories high.These new rules effectively banned the production of garish and mass constructed housing units, as well as single-family houses. 8. Conclusion Figure 6 Triumph Palace Figure 6 Triumph Palace When evaluating the city of Moscow from an aesthetic point of view, it is the Seven Sisters that loosely stand out most prominently among the vast skyline of Moscow. The Vysotki did not only leave a strong visual impact on the city, they also unexpended both an architectural and social legacy that has proven to influence modern architecture throughout the world.There are numerous positive and negative impacts caused by the building of the Seven Sisters, which ultimatel y define the legacy of the massive Stalinist high-rises. jump of all, Stalins Vysotki delivered a newfound architectural magnificence into the capital city of Moscow. With influences from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the Seven Sisters gave the city a extravagantly grand aura. The stylistic features of the Seven Sister buildings have been repeated several times in modern architecture globally, thus proving to be an influential legacy left by the Vysotki.For instance, the Triumph Palace in Moscow, built in 2004, takes the architectural magnificence of the Vysotki and converts the features into a modern representation of a Seven Sister building (see Figure 6). This massive apartment building purposefully resembles a Seven Sister building, and is sometimes referred to as the Eighth Sister. However, relative to the issues gainsay the nation at the time of the construction of Stalins Seven Sisters, the Vysotki left unreciprocated the more pragmatic and humanistic problems, as the housing crisis after World War II was not fixed.As mentioned previously, the total funding of the Lomonosov State University building exceeded the total funding for the reconstruction of the entire city of Stalingrad. Of course Stalingrad did not have nearly as many plans for grand buildings as Moscow, however the lack of housing in Stalingrad was resolved much more effectively than in Moscow, in light of a relatively lower need for funding in comparison with the capital city. In terms of Stalins architectural preferences, Moscow was to be reconstructed as the ideal socialist city, with all unattractive mass housing units moved to the outskirts of the city.Although these buildings eventually solved the issue of the lack of housing, the dull nature of the Khrushchyovka was criticized by many, claiming that the buildings constructed under Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev were aesthetically unpleasant. The method of constructing these mass housing units was parodied by the Soviet universal film Irony of mickle, which was produced in 1975, approximately 20 years after the initial implementation of these buildings.When determining the relevance of Stalins Seven Sister buildings, the doubt must be asked How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? Although the gradual transformation of Moscow into a modern European city is characterized by confused different aspects, such as the urban planning and architecture of Moscow, the conclusion can be made that the Seven Sisters played a significant role in Moscows progression.To a large extent, the Vysotki helped define the city of Moscow with an architectural legacy, and also gave Moscow the distinguished individuality that Stalin pushed for. In some aspects, Stalins Seven Sisters ultimately gave Moscow what the Khrushchyovka could not, architectural gems that are world-renowned to this present day. Sources 1. Texts 1. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 2. Amir Weiner, Making reason of War The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton Princeton University Press (2001). 3. Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October tenth 2012. 4. Kiernan, Maria. 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